tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-48891056460213657862024-03-18T20:24:57.403-07:00INTAN AYUTHIS IS THE METERIAL OF MY PRIMBON PART ONE AND PART TWO...
this blog will help me and you study English better through English stories, games, material etc...inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.comBlogger24125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-86052339210092635202009-06-07T20:01:00.000-07:002009-06-07T20:18:54.823-07:00Making Written Announcement<p class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center; font-family: georgia;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbmqRUQxck8Y16aAcMG2fYAkZLPx3ra1oY7iqu_xbwfEe5CPAfIPHXm-2CO81h1bXrQaC2YQV-rN9sH6YxptBuBqXRLggwQ2K0djkQImwZj8Z-ySuXcJglsTbz7uMUxRRdzxigjhD-lLs/s1600-h/announcement+CESB.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 227px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbmqRUQxck8Y16aAcMG2fYAkZLPx3ra1oY7iqu_xbwfEe5CPAfIPHXm-2CO81h1bXrQaC2YQV-rN9sH6YxptBuBqXRLggwQ2K0djkQImwZj8Z-ySuXcJglsTbz7uMUxRRdzxigjhD-lLs/s320/announcement+CESB.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5344789930996498274" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Announcement</span> is something said, written or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><div> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;">In writing an announcement, keep the following points :<o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42pt; text-indent: -18pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7;" > </span></span>The title/type of event.<o:p></o:p></span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42pt; text-indent: -18pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7;" > </span></span>Date/time.<o:p></o:p></span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42pt; text-indent: -18pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7;" > </span></span>Place.<span style=""><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42pt; text-indent: -18pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="">·<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;font-size:7;" > </span></span>Who to contact.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42pt; text-indent: -18pt; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span><!--[endif]--></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:180%;">Example of announcement :</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><o:p></o:p><span style="font-size:14;"><span style="font-size:130%;">School Announcement</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:georgia;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:georgia;">Saturday morning basketball matches will begin on Saturday, January 1. the events will run from 09.00 – 11.00am for the next four weeks. The final tournament will be held on February 8. for more information, contact Intan (0857) 1234567.</span></span><br /><br /><br /><br /></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:14;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Kartini’s Day</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-weight: bold;">Monday, April 21, is Kartini’s day. To celebrate it, each class must present a couple of boy and girl. They have to wear and perform the traditional costumes. Also, there will be a cooking competition. Each class present two groups, i.e one group of boys and one group of girls. Each group consist of 3 – 4 students. The categories for judging will be : best of show and creativity. Winners will receive prizes at 02.00pm in the school hall. For more information, please confirm your class teacher. </span></span><br /></div><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">*don't forget to say THANK YOU</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-family:georgia;"><br /></span></span>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-57861763848319712322009-06-06T22:33:00.000-07:002009-06-06T22:52:34.925-07:00Expressing Happiness<div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBmHilj6Ay2hkLFOhQyvGCqvLdDQonQ6qCP2gA5iBUxCz1QOTnOfbk5nBjxTNF9tMHGAbEr6c81QBku1D4LWznu0tp_mo2JzMqxbWfd2OdcZVFTEX5iG1RwnSBkUM05MA67LRhD7g15p8/s1600-h/together.jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBmHilj6Ay2hkLFOhQyvGCqvLdDQonQ6qCP2gA5iBUxCz1QOTnOfbk5nBjxTNF9tMHGAbEr6c81QBku1D4LWznu0tp_mo2JzMqxbWfd2OdcZVFTEX5iG1RwnSBkUM05MA67LRhD7g15p8/s320/together.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5344456593275079730" border="0" /></a><b>Happiness</b> is a state of mind or feeling such as contentment, satisfaction, pleasure, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">joy</a>. A variety of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> approaches have been taken to defining happiness and identifying its sources.</div><div> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Philosophers and religious thinkers have often defined happiness in terms of living a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_good_life" title="The good life">good life</a>, or flourishing, rather than simply as an emotion. <i>Happiness</i> in this older sense was used to translate the Greek <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a>, and is still used in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">virtue ethics</a>. In everyday speech today, however, terms such as <i>well-being</i> or <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a></i> are usually used to signify the classical meaning, and <i>happiness</i> usually refers<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> to the felt experience or experiences that philosophers historically called <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a></i>.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><br />While direct measurement of happiness presents challenges, tools such as <a href="http://www.meaningandhappiness.com/oxford-happiness-questionnaire/214/" class="external text" title="http://www.meaningandhappiness.com/oxford-happiness-questionnaire/214/" rel="nofollow">The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire</a> have been developed by researchers. Positive psychology researchers use theoretical models that include describing happiness as consisting of positive emotions and positive activities, or that describe three kinds of happiness: pleasure, engagement, and meaning.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Research has identified a number of attributes that correlate with happiness. These include relationships and social interaction, parenthood, marital status, religious involvement, age, income (but mainly up to the point where survival needs are met), and proximity to other happy people. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness economics</a> suggests that measures of public happiness should be used to supplement more traditional economic measures when evaluating the success of public policy.</p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Example:</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Formal: </span></span><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">-Oh, I'm so happy.<span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">-I can't say how pleased I am.</p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">-I had a splendid time there.</p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">-What a marvelous place I 've ever seen.</p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">-It's an outstanding adventure.</p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">-It's an interesting experience.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">-It's a sensational trip.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Nonformal:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">-Greet!</p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">-Exciting!</p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">-Fantastic!</p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">-Super!</p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">-That's terrific!</p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">-Smashing (British English)</p>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-70483295855141002052009-06-06T22:16:00.000-07:002009-06-06T22:29:23.931-07:00simple Present and Simple Past<h1 style="text-align: center;">Simple Present</h1><h3 style="text-align: justify;">FORM</h3><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="smallFont"></span>VERB] <span class="smallFont">+ s/es in third person</span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="ex"> <p>Examples:</p> <ul><li>You <strong>speak</strong> English.</li><li><strong>Do</strong> you <strong>speak</strong> English?</li><li>You <strong>do not speak</strong> English.</li></ul> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span class="smallFont"></span></div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">USE 1 Repeated Actions</h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.englishpage.com/images/verbs/simplepresentusual.gif" alt="" width="258" height="50" /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="ex"> <p>Examples:</p> <ul><li>I <strong>play</strong> tennis.</li><li>She <strong>does not play</strong> tennis.</li><li><strong>Does</strong> he <strong>play</strong> tennis? </li><li>The train <strong>leaves</strong> every morning at 8 AM.</li><li>The train <strong>does not leave</strong> at 9 AM.</li><li>When <strong>does</strong> the train usually <strong>leave</strong>? </li><li>She always <strong>forgets</strong> her purse.</li><li>He never <strong>forgets</strong> his wallet.</li><li>Every twelve months, the Earth <strong>circles</strong> the Sun.</li><li><strong>Does</strong> the Sun <strong>circle</strong> the Earth?</li></ul> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">USE 2 Facts or Generalizations</h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.englishpage.com/images/verbs/simplepresentfact.gif" alt="" width="258" height="50" /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="ex"> <p>Examples:</p> <ul><li>Cats <strong>like</strong> milk.</li><li>Birds <strong>do not like</strong> milk.</li><li><strong>Do</strong> pigs <strong>like</strong> milk?</li><li>California <strong>is</strong> in America.</li><li>California <strong>is not</strong> in the United Kingdom.</li><li>Windows <strong>are</strong> made of glass.</li><li>Windows <strong>are not</strong> made of wood.</li><li>New York <strong>is</strong> a small city. <em class="comment">It is not important that this fact is untrue.</em></li></ul> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future</h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.englishpage.com/images/verbs/simplefuture.gif" alt="" width="258" height="50" /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well. </p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="ex"> <p>Examples:</p> <ul><li>The train <strong>leaves</strong> tonight at 6 PM.</li><li>The bus <strong>does not arrive</strong> at 11 AM, it <strong>arrives</strong> at 11 PM.</li><li>When <strong>do</strong> we <strong>board</strong> the plane?</li><li>The party <strong>starts</strong> at 8 o'clock.</li><li>When <strong>does</strong> class <strong>begin</strong> tomorrow?</li></ul> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)</h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.englishpage.com/images/verbs/presentcontinuousnow.gif" alt="" width="258" height="50" /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with <a href="http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/types.html">Non-Continuous Verbs</a> and certain <a href="http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/types.html">Mixed Verbs</a>.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="ex"> <p>Examples:</p> <ul><li>I <strong>am</strong> here now.</li><li>She <strong>is not</strong> here now.</li><li>He <strong>needs</strong> help right now.</li><li>He <strong>does not need</strong> help now.</li><li>He <strong>has</strong> his passport in his hand. </li><li><strong>Do</strong> you <strong>have</strong> your passport with you? </li></ul> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">ADVERB PLACEMENT</h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="ex"> <p>Examples:</p> <ul><li>You <strong>only</strong> speak English.</li><li>Do you <strong>only</strong> speak English?</li></ul> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: justify;">ACTIVE / PASSIVE</h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Examples:</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li>Once a week, Tom <strong>cleans</strong> the car. <em class="comment">Active</em></li><li>Once a week, the car <strong>is cleaned</strong> by Tom.</li></ul><br /><br /><br /><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:100%;" ><br /></span><hr style="color: rgb(126, 161, 41);" align="left"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:100%;" ><b><span style="color: rgb(67, 86, 22);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" > <br /></span></b></span><br /><h1 style="text-align: center;">Simple Past</h1><h3 style="text-align: justify;">FORM </h3><div style="text-align: justify;">[VERB+ed] or <a href="http://www.englishpage.com/irregularverbs/irregularverbs.html" class="smallFont">irregular verbs</a><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;" class="ex"> <p>Examples:</p> <ul><li>You <strong>speak</strong> English.</li><li><strong>Do</strong> you <strong>speak</strong> English?</li><li>You <strong>do not speak</strong> English.</li></ul><br /><h3>USE 1 Completed Action in the Past </h3> <p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.englishpage.com/images/verbs/simplepast.gif" alt="" width="258" height="50" /></p> <p>Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.</p> <div class="ex"> <p>Examples:</p> <ul><li>I <strong>saw</strong> a movie yesterday.</li><li>I <strong>didn't see</strong> a play yesterday.</li><li>Last year, I <strong>traveled</strong> to Japan.</li><li>Last year, I <strong>didn't travel</strong> to Korea.</li><li><strong>Did</strong> you <strong>have</strong> dinner last night? </li><li>She <strong>washed</strong> her car.</li><li>He <strong>didn't wash</strong> his car.</li></ul> </div> <h3>USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions </h3> <p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.englishpage.com/images/verbs/simplepastseries.gif" alt="" width="258" height="50" /></p> <p>We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on. </p> <div class="ex"> <p>Examples:</p> <ul><li>I <strong>finished</strong> work, <strong>walked</strong> to the beach, and <strong>found</strong> a nice place to swim.</li><li>He <strong>arrived</strong> from the airport at 8:00, <strong>checked</strong> into the hotel at 9:00, and <strong>met</strong> the others at 10:00.</li><li><strong>Did</strong> you <strong>add</strong> flour, <strong>pour</strong> in the milk, and then <strong>add</strong> the eggs? </li></ul> </div> <h3>USE 3 Duration in Past </h3> <p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.englishpage.com/images/verbs/simplepastduration.gif" alt="" width="258" height="50" /></p> <p>The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.</p> <div class="ex"> <p>Examples:</p> <ul><li>I <strong>lived</strong> in Brazil for two years.</li><li>Shauna <strong>studied</strong> Japanese for five years.</li><li>They <strong>sat</strong> at the beach all day.</li><li>They <strong>did not stay</strong> at the party the entire time. </li><li>We <strong>talked</strong> on the phone for thirty minutes.</li><li>A: How long <strong>did</strong> you <strong>wait</strong> for them?<br /> B: We <strong>waited</strong> for one hour.</li></ul> </div> <h3>USE 4 Habits in the Past</h3> <p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.englishpage.com/images/verbs/simplepasthabit.gif" alt="" width="258" height="50" /></p> <p>The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "<a href="http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/usedto.html">used to</a>." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc. </p> <div class="ex"> <p>Examples:</p> <ul><li>I <strong>studied</strong> French when I was a child.</li><li>He <strong>played</strong> the violin.</li><li>He <strong>didn't play</strong> the piano. </li><li><strong>Did</strong> you <strong>play</strong> a musical instrument when you were a kid? </li><li>She <strong>worked</strong> at the movie theater after school.</li><li>They never <strong>went</strong> to school, they always <strong>skipped</strong> class.</li></ul> </div> <h3>USE 5 Past Facts or Generalizations</h3> <p style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.englishpage.com/images/verbs/simplepastfact.gif" alt="" width="258" height="50" /></p> <p>The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "<a href="http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/usedto.html">used to</a>."</p> <div class="ex"> <p>Examples:</p> <ul><li>She <strong>was</strong> shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.</li><li>He <strong>didn't like</strong> tomatoes before. </li><li><strong>Did</strong> you <strong>live</strong> in Texas when you <strong>were</strong> a kid?</li><li>People <strong>paid</strong> much more to make cell phone calls in the past. </li></ul> </div> <h3>IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First</h3> <p>Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.</p> <div class="ex"> <p>Examples:</p> <ul><li><strong>When I paid her one dollar</strong>, she answered my question.</li><li>She answered my question <strong>when I paid her one dollar</strong>.</li></ul> </div> <p>When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.</p> <div class="ex"> <p>Example:</p> <ul><li>I paid her one dollar <strong>when she answered my question</strong>.</li></ul> </div> <h3>ADVERB PLACEMENT</h3> <p>The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.</p> <div class="ex"> <p>Examples:</p> <ul><li>You <strong>just</strong> called Debbie.</li><li>Did you <strong>just</strong> call Debbie?</li></ul> </div> <h3>ACTIVE / PASSIVE</h3> <div class="ex"> <p>Examples:</p> <ul><li>Tom <strong>repaired</strong> the car. <em class="comment">Active</em></li><li>The car <strong>was repaired</strong> by Tom. <em class="comment">Passive</em></li></ul> </div> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><br /></div>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-32566552291573846272009-06-03T06:14:00.000-07:002009-06-04T07:03:19.947-07:00Procedure text<p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Procedures help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions eg step by step method to germinate seeds. The text below is an example of a procedure. The labels show the structure and language features of procedure text.</span> </p><p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Procedures begin by outlining an aim or goal.</span> </p><p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Sometimes there is a list of the materials and equipment needed.</span> </p><p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The steps are then listed in order.</span> </p><p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.lmpc.edu.au/resources/Science/research_projects/text_types/3_procedure_eg.html">Example of a procedure</a>: shows the structure and language features of a procedure text.</span> </p><p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></p><p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Writing procedures</span> </p><p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;">When writing procedures you should:</span> </p><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><dir style="font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;">• use present tense eg spray</span> <p><span style="font-size:100%;">• include technical terms when you need to eg friable</span> </p><p><span style="font-size:100%;">• use words that tell the reader how, when and where to perform the task eg fill, firmly.</span> </p></dir> </div><table style="text-align: left; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; font-weight: bold;font-family:georgia;" width="444" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" width="10%"> <div align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;"><img src="http://www.lmpc.edu.au/resources/Science/research_projects/text_types/graphics/tick.gif" alt="self-correct" width="36" height="38" /></span></div> </td> <td colspan="2" valign="bottom"><span style="font-size:100%;">Use the <a href="http://www.lmpc.edu.au/resources/Science/research_projects/text_types/3_procedure_eg.html">sample procedure</a> to answer the following questions.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="10%" align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><br /></td> <td valign="top" width="4%"><span style="font-size:100%;">1</span></td> <td valign="top" width="86%"><span style="font-size:100%;">List two words from the text that are written in present tense.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="10%" align="right"><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><br /></td> <td valign="top" width="4%"><span style="font-size:100%;">2</span></td> <td valign="top" width="86%"><span style="font-size:100%;">List as many words as you can that indicate how, when and where the task should be carried out.</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" width="10%"><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><br /></td> <td colspan="2" valign="top"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://www.lmpc.edu.au/resources/Science/research_projects/text_types/3_procedure.html#answers">Check your answers</a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span></p><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Practice writing a procedure by writing instructions for someone else to:</span> </p><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><dir style="font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;">• start a lawnmower</span> <p><span style="font-size:100%;">• make a banana smoothie</span> </p><p><span style="font-size:100%;">• use a microscope</span> </p><p><span style="font-size:100%;">• your choice.</span> </p></dir> </div><p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;font-family:georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Write a draft using the procedure sample as a model.</span></p>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-34825640188810046302009-06-03T06:11:00.000-07:002009-06-07T00:19:56.013-07:00How to Gain People Attention Orally<div style="text-align: left; font-family: georgia;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0);"> <span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255); font-weight: bold;">Express Attention :</span><br /><br /></span></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-size:130%;">1. Attention, please ….<br />2. May/ can I have your attention, please ?<br />3. Excuse me.<br />4. Look here.<br />5. Listen to me, please!<br />6. Waiter ?<br />7. I’m sorry, but….<br />8. Every body, look here !<br /><br /> Attention to show moment some body. Want to talk the important something or one announcement or to need something.<br /></span></span><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 102);"> <span style="color: rgb(0, 204, 204);"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255); font-weight: bold;">Example :</span><br /><br /></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><span style="font-size:130%;">Teacher : Attention, please. Today we will watch a movie in the self acces center. <br /> What do you think ?<br />Students: That’s great !</span></span></span></div>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-27190919852920190312009-06-03T06:08:00.000-07:002009-06-10T21:10:55.050-07:00Making Appointments<div style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Making appointments is a promise that is made by someone in his/ her life to someone or other people.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />Appointment</span> may refer to a number of things, including the following:<br /><ul><li>An appointment is a time reserved for something such as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">doctor</a> visit, much like a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservation" title="Reservation">reservation</a>.</li><li>An appointment, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> refers to the assignment of a person by an official to perform a duty, such as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President" title="President">presidential</a> appointment of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a> to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a>. This may also happen for an office which is normally <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elect" title="Elect" class="mw-redirect">elected</a>, but has an unexpected vacancy. A person appointed but not yet in office is a designee.</li><li>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_of_appointment" title="Power of appointment">power of appointment</a>, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, is the ability of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testator" title="Testator">testator</a> to select another person to dispose of the testator's property.</li><li>An appointment of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, is made by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> to a particular ministry setting, particularly in denominations which practice <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">episcopal</a> forms of church government and polity (such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Methodism" title="United Methodism" class="mw-redirect">United Methodist Church</a>.) Typically, a pastor is appointed to a particular church or parish.</li><li>Appointment is used to describe a system of selecting candidates in which the choice is made by an individual or panel rather than by a poll of the populace in general (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election" title="Election">election</a>), or through random selection (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotment" title="Allotment">allotment</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">sortition</a>) as used to select juries.</li></ul><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;font-size:180%;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><br />Making an appointment ( formal )</span> </span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;" >1. I’d like to make an appointment with ….</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;" >2. I’d like to make an appointment to see ….</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;" >3. I’d like you to come and see me ….</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;" >4. I want to make an appointment to see ….</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Accepting an appointment </span></span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;" >1. All right, see you there.</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;" >2. No problem, I’m free on. </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;" >3. Be there on time. </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;" >4. I’ll wait for your there.</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-size:100%;">5. It’s a deal.</span><br /><br /></span></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Concelling an appointment</span></span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;" >1. I’m sorry, I’m very busy.</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;" >2. I’m terribly sorry I have to put off my appointment.</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;" >3. I’m affraid, I have to postpone my appointment with tomorrow morning.</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> Making an appointment is making a plan to do something with someone or people for now or future.</span><br /><br /></span></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"> <span style="font-size:180%;">Making an appointment ( informal )</span></span></span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;" >1. Can I come and see you ? </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;" >2. I’ll be there ….</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;" >3. What about …. ( Thursday ) ? </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:arial;" ><span style="font-size:130%;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Changing an appointment </span><br /><br /></span></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" >1. Could we change the day ( time) of the meeting ? </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" >2. Would you mind if we change the day of the playing futsal?</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;font-size:130%;" >Example :</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Eri : Rere, I have a serious problem. I need to talk to you. Could we meet today?</span></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Rere : what time ?</span></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Eri : After we have a course.</span></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:georgia;font-size:100%;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Rere : Ok, I’ll be there.</span></span><br /></div>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-42265692319498920272009-06-03T06:03:00.000-07:002009-06-06T23:59:40.770-07:00How To Invite People Orally<div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Invitation is expression of to urge someone or other people.</span></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:100%;" ><br /> </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:130%;">Formula</span> :</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" >Let’s + be +adj </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:arial;font-size:100%;" >Let’s + V.base + N </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:100%;" >1. Let’s speak English !</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:100%;" >2. Let’s sing a pop song !</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:100%;" >3. Let’s be happy !</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:100%;" >4. Let’s be smart !<br /><br /></span><p><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:100%;"><b><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;color:#435616;"> <br /></span></b></span></p><hr align="left" style="color:#7ea129;"><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:100%;" ><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">MAKING AN INVITATION<br /><br /></span></span></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> I’d like to invite you to come to my birthday party.<br /> Are you free on Sunday morning? Would you like to jogging with me?<br /> I was wondering if you’d like to come to my new home this afternoon.<br /> We’re going to have a religious meeting tonight; we’d love you to come.</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:100%;" > </span></div><div style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Question tag</span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;">1. A: Let’s go to the beach, shall we ?</span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> B: That’s a good idea. </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;">2. A: Let’s be happy, shall we ? </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> B: All right.</span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Example :</span><br /><br /></span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;">1. I’d like to invite you to my birthday party.<br />2.</span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"> Can you drop by my house after school ?<br />3. Would you like to attend the meeting ?<br />4. I wonder if you’d like to come to my wedding party.<br /><br /></span><p><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:100%;"><b><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;color:#435616;"> <br /></span></b></span></p><hr align="left" style="color:#7ea129;"><br /><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"> <span style="font-size:130%;">Invitation is request / ask someone for going to do something.</span></span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:130%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;"> Kinds of invitation :</span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;">1. Spoken </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;">2. Written<br /><br /></span><br /><hr align="left" style="color:#7ea129;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"> </span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:180%;">Invitation use future tense</span></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /> Usually in card invitation</span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;">1. Purpose </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;">2. Time</span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;">3. Place</span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /><br /></span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;">Example :</span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;">Happy birthday card, wedding card, est.<br /><br /><br /></span><p><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:100%;"><b><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;color:#435616;"> <br /></span></b></span></p><hr align="left" style="color:#7ea129;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /><br /></span></div><div style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><span style="font-size:100%;"> </span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >Respon of Invitation:</span></span><br /></div></div><div style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> <span style="font-size:130%;">Receive Invitation : </span></span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;">1. All right </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;">2. I like that </span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;">3. I’d love to</span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;">4. I’d like to</span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;">5. I’d be happy/ glad to accept.</span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;">6. Yes, I’d be delighted to.</span><span style="font-family:arial;font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;">7. Yes, that would be nice.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Refuse Invitation :</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:100%;" >1. I am sorry I can’t </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:100%;" >2. I’d like to, but….</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:100%;" >3. I am afraid I can’t</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:100%;" >4. No, let’s not do it.</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:100%;" >5. I’d like to, but I can’t</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:100%;" >6. I’m afraid I’m busy.</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-size:100%;" > </span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" > Example:</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Milda : Would you like to go camping with us next holiday ?</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Elisa : I’d love to.</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Milda : Really. </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" >Rere : yes.</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 0); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" ><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Milda : Ok…. I am waiting you in my house, tomorrow</span>. </span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:100%;"><b><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;color:#435616;"> <br /></span></b></span><hr align="left" style="color:#7ea129;"><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;">THIS IS AN INVITATION FOR PARENT OR STRANGE PERSON...</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> <br />Would you like to go to cinema with me tonight ?<br />Would you like +to + V 1 + o/c ?</span><br /><br /><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;">ACCEPTING AN INVITATION</span></span></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /> Thank you. I’d love to.<br /> Yes, thank you. What time?<br /> Sounds great.<br /> That would be wonderful.<br /> Okay.<br /> All right.<br /> I’d love to, thanks. Where do you want to meet?<br /> I am glad be able to accept.<br /> That’s a good idea. What time do we go?<br /> I will. Thanks for your invitation.<br /><br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;">REFUSING AN INVITATION</span></span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Unfortunately, I won’t be able to come because I have made plans.<br /> I’m sorry, I’m unable to come because I have to go up town.<br /> I’m afraid I won’t be able to accept because I have a business.<br /> Sorry, I can’t because I must be going now.<br /> I’m awfully sorry, I have other plans.<br /> Sorry, I’ve already made plans for Saturday.<br /> Oh darn!! Have to fetch the doctor. My sister is ill.<br /> I wish I could, but I have promised to go with my friend to downtown.<br /> I’d really like to, but I have to finish my job first.</span></span><br /></div><span style="font-family:arial;"><span style="color: rgb(102, 102, 0);"><span style="font-size:130%;"></span></span></span></div>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-84636245670661654032009-06-03T05:50:00.000-07:002009-06-04T07:18:20.194-07:00Recount text<div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">The purpose of a recount is to list and describe past experiences by retelling events in the order in which they happened (chronological order). Recounts are written to retell events with the purpose of either informing or entertaining their audience (or both).<br /><br />Types of Recount<br /><br /> * Personal Recount<br /> These usually retell an event that the writer was personally involved in.<br /><br /> * Factual Recount<br /> Recording an incident, eg. a science experiment, police report.<br /><br /> * Imaginative Recount<br /> Writing an imaginary role and giving details of events, eg. A day in the life of a pirate; How I invented...<br /><br />Features of Recounts<br /><br /> * focuses on individual participants/events<br /><br />Structure<br /><br /> * the recount has a title, which usually summarises the text<br /> * specific participants (Mum, the crab)<br /> * The basic recount consists of three parts:<br /> 1. the setting or orientation - background information answering who? when? where? why?<br /> 2. events are identified and described in chronological order.<br /> 3. concluding comments express a personal opinion regarding the events described<br /> * details are selected to help the reader reconstruct the activity or incident (Factual Recount)<br /> * the ending may describe the outcome of the activity, eg. in a science activity (Factual Recount)<br />* details of time, place and incident need to be clearly stated, eg. At 11.15 pm, between Reid Rd and Havelock St a man drove at 140 kms toward the shopping centre (Factual Recount)<br />* descriptive details may also be required to provide information, eg. He was a skinny boy with a blue shirt, red sneakers and long tied back hair (Factual Recount)<br /> * includes personal thoughts/reactions (Imaginative Recount)<br /><br />Language<br /><br /> * is written in the past tense (she yelled, it nipped, she walked)<br />* frequent use is made of words which link events in time, such as next, later, when, then, after, before, first, at the same time, as soon as she left, late on Friday)<br />* recounts describe events, so plenty of use is made of verbs (action words), and of adverbs (which describe or add more detail to verbs)<br /> * details are often chosen to add interest or humour to the recount.<br /> * use of personal pronouns (I, we) (Personal Recount)<br /> * the passive voice may be used, eg. the bottle was filled with ink (Factual Recount)</div>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-61418095992056173872009-06-03T05:48:00.000-07:002009-06-07T00:29:47.075-07:00Giving Instructions<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:180%;" >Asking for Instructions</span><br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> How do you (do this)?</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> How do I . . . ?</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> What is the best way to . . . ?</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> How do I go about it?</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> What do you suggest?</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> How do you suggest I proceed?</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> What is the first step?</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:180%;" >Giving Instructions</span><br /></div><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >Sequencing</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> First, (you) . . .</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Then, (you) . . .</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Next, (you) . . .</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Lastly, (you) . . .</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Starting out</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Before you begin, (you should . . .)</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> The first thing you do is . . . .</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> I would start by . . .</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> The best place to begin is . . .</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> To begin with,</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Continuing</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> After that,</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> The next step is to . . .</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> The next thing you do is . . .</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Once you've done that, then . . .</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> When you finish that, then . . .</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Finishing</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> The last step is . . .</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> The last thing you do is . . .</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> In the end,</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> When you've finished,</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> When you've completed all the steps,<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;">Example :</span><br /><br /></span><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:180%;">Fold an Origami Seagull</span></h2><h1 style="text-align: justify; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Welcome! Let's play with paper, indulging ourselves in the ancient art of origami! This series of folds makes the Floating Gull. The <a href="http://www.geocities.com/bobvanx/play/seagull/seagull.html?20097#anchor374624">template</a> follows these instructions (scroll down and get it).<br /><br /></span></h1><span style="font-size:100%;"><img style="width: 389px; height: 126px;" src="http://www.geocities.com/bobvanx/play/seagull/gullassemr1.gif" naturalsizeflag="3" align="bottom" /></span><br /><h1 style="text-align: justify; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> 1. Cut the paper to a square along the cut line.<br />2. Fold on the valley fold line, bringing opposite corners together. In the example, I then turned that fold to be at the top of the picture.<br />3. Look inside and see the pair of mountain folds that reach from the corner to the sides? Fold the top one (notice that brings an edge of the paper to your valley fold).<br /></span></h1><span style="font-size:100%;"><img style="width: 387px; height: 126px;" src="http://www.geocities.com/bobvanx/play/seagull/gullassemr2.gif" naturalsizeflag="3" align="bottom" /></span><br /><h1 style="text-align: justify; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> 4. Then you'll see a fold to make that's a valley fold on top (and a mountain fold below. Amazing!)<br />5. Flop the paper over (away from you, so that now that first valley fold is towards you) and repeat what you did in steps 3 and 4, folding the other mountain fold and<br /> 6. the other valley/mountain fold so that your piece is now symetrical.<br /></span></h1><span style="font-size:100%;"><img style="width: 390px; height: 126px;" src="http://www.geocities.com/bobvanx/play/seagull/gullassemr3.gif" naturalsizeflag="3" align="bottom" /></span><br /><h1 style="text-align: justify; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> 7. Just a picture to let you compare yours with mine and congratulate yourself on following directions so well up until now.<br /> 8. Fold back and forth on the short dashed lines here, and also<br /> 9. the short dashed lines here.<br /></span></h1><span style="font-size:100%;"><img style="width: 387px; height: 126px;" src="http://www.geocities.com/bobvanx/play/seagull/gullassemr4.gif" naturalsizeflag="3" align="bottom" /></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"> 10. Open that first valley fold enough to allow you to fold the "neck" back into the "body" along those heavily creased folds from step 8.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> 11. Pull the head down into the neck.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">12. Finished! Your origami seagull needs a rest now and will be quite content to float upon the sea of papers that you use to hide your desk. Maybe now you want to make one without all the lines printed on it, or possibly spend the rest of your lunch break coloring this one. Don't use your blue Bic® pen or your yellow Hi-Liter® unless you are a Fauvist. ;)</span></div><h1 style="text-align: justify; font-weight: normal;"> </h1><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-36186255953173899632009-05-27T01:11:00.000-07:002009-06-04T07:19:15.674-07:00Simple Future Tense<span style="font-weight: bold;">The Simple Future is formed with </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">will + the base form of the verb.<br /></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">affirmative short form</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">I will > I'll ></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">You will > You'll ></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">He will > He'll ></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">She will > She'll > stay.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">It will > It'll ></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">We will > We'll ></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">You will > You'll ></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">They will > They'll ></span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">negative short forms</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">I will not > I'll not > I won't ></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">You will not > You'll not > You won't ></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">He will not > He'll not > He won't ></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">She will not > She'll not > She won't > stay.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">It will not > It'll not > It won't ></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">We will not > We'll not > We won't ></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">You will not > You'll not > You won't ></span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">They will not > They'll not > They won't ></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Notes on the form of the Simple Future Tense</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. Shall and will</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Will is used with all persons, but shall can be used as an alternative with I and we in pure future reference.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Shall is usually avoided with you and I:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> You and I will work in the same office.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. Contractions</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Shall weakens to /S@l/ in speech, but does not contract to 'll in writing. Will contracts to 'll in writing and in fluent, rapid speech after vowels (I'll, we'll, you'll, etc.) but 'll can occur after consonants. So we might find 'll used: e.g.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">- after names: Tom'll be here soon.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">- after common nouns: The concert'll start in a minute.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">- after question-words: When'll they arrive?</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. Negatives</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Will not contracts to 'll not or won't; shall not contracts to shan't:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> We won't or shan't go. (I/We will not or shall not go).</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">In American English shan't is rare and shall with a future reference is unusual.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">4. Future Tense</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">When we use will/shall for simple prediction, they combine with verbs to form tenses in the ordinary way:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Simple Future: I will see</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Future Progressive: I will be seeing</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Future Perfect: I will have seen</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Future Perfect Progressive: I will have been seeing</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Uses of the 'will/shall' future</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">1. 'Will/shall' for prediction briefly compared with other uses</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Will and shall can be used to predict events, for example, to say what we think will happen, or to invite prediction:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Tottenham will win on Saturday.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> It will rain tomorrow. Will house prices rise again next year?</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> I don't know if I shall see you next week.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">This is sometimes called 'the pure future', and it should be distinguished from many other uses of will and shall: e.g.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> I'll buy you a bicycle for your birthday. [promise]</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Will you hold the door open for me please? [request]</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Shall I get your coat for you? [offer]</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Shall we go for a swim tomorrow? [suggestion]</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Just wait - you'll regret this! [threat]</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Though all the above examples point to future time, they are not 'predicting'; they are 'coloured' by notions of willingness, etc. Will/shall have so many uses as modal verbs that some grammarians insist that English does not have a pure future tense.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">2. 'Will' in formal style for scheduled events</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Will is used in preference to be going to when a formal style is required, particularly in the written language:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> The wedding will take place at St Andrew's on June 27th. The reception will be at the Anchor Hotel.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">3. 'Will/shall' to express hopes, expectations, etc.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">The future is often used after verbs and verb phrases like assume, be afraid, be sure, believe, doubt, expect, hope, suppose, think:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> I hope she'll get the job she's applied for.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Present with a future reference is possible after hope:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> I hope she gets the job she's applied for.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Lack of certainty, etc. can be conveyed by using will with adverbs like perhaps, possibly, probably, surely:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> Ask him again. Perhaps he'll change his mind.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Time adverbials with the 'will/shall' future tense</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Some adverbials like tomorrow are used exclusively with future reference; others like at 4 o'clock, before Friday, etc. are used with other tenses as well as the Future:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> I'll meet you at 4 o'clock.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Now and just can also have a future reference:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> This shop will now be open on June 23rd. (a change of date)</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> *</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> I'm nearly ready. I'll just put my coat on.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">I will sing</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">The simple future tense is often called will, because we make the simple future tense with the modal auxiliary will.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">How do we make the Simple Future Tense?</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">The structure of the simple future tense is:</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">subject + auxiliary verb WILL + main verb</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">invariable base</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">will V1</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the simple future tense:</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> subject auxiliary verb main verb </span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">+ I will open the door.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">+ You will finish before me.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">- She will not be at school tomorrow.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">- We will not leave yet.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">? Will you arrive on time?</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">? Will they want dinner?</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">When we use the simple future tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and auxiliary verb:</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">I will I'll</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">you will you'll</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">he will</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">she will</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">it will he'll</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">she'll</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">it'll</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">we will we'll</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">they will they'll</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we contract with won't, like this:</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">I will not I won't</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">you will not you won't</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">he will not</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">she will not</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">it will not he won't</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">she won't</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">it won't</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">we will not we won't</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">they will not they won't</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">How do we use the Simple Future Tense?</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">No Plan</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">We use the simple future tense when there is no plan or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking. Look at these examples:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> * Hold on. I'll get a pen.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> * We will see what we can do to help you.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> * Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">In these examples, we had no firm plan before speaking. The decision is made at the time of speaking.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">We often use the simple future tense with the verb to think before it:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> * I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> * I think I will have a holiday next year.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> * I don't think I'll buy that car.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Prediction</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">We often use the simple future tense to make a prediction about the future. Again, there is no firm plan. We are saying what we think will happen. Here are some examples:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> * It will rain tomorrow.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> * People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> * Who do you think will get the job?</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Be</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">When the main verb is be, we can use the simple future tense even if we have a firm plan or decision before speaking. Examples:</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> * I'll be in London tomorrow.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> * I'm going shopping. I won't be very long.</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"> * Will you be at work tomorrow?</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">WSM Image</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Note that when we have a plan or intention to do something in the future, we usually use other tenses or expressions, such as the present continuous tense or going to.</span>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-15707750487683226492009-05-25T01:25:00.000-07:002009-06-04T07:19:34.607-07:00Advertisement<div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">Advertisement is information for persuad and motivate a people so that it will anracted. Them to the service and things that are affered.<br /><br />Function advertisement are :<br />- Promotion<br />- Communication<br />- Information<br /><br />In making advertisement, keep the following points :<br />1. Language of advertisement<br /><br /> * Using the correct or suitable world<br /> * Using the interesting expression and suggestive<br /> * Using positive cannotations<br /> * Text of advertisement snold directly to the go<br /><br />2. Advertisement content<br /><br /> * Objective and hanest<br /> * Brief and clear<br /> * Don't to allude group and to other producer<br /> * Attractive attention</div>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-16564601098869842692009-05-25T01:21:00.000-07:002009-06-06T23:32:15.574-07:00News Item<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;">Is a report of recent occurences; information of something that has lately taken place, or of something before unknown; recent information about specific and timely events.</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;font-size:180%;" >Other definition</span><br /></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;"> * Information about recent events or happenings, espespecially as reported by newspapaers, periodical, radio, or television.</span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;font-size:180%;" >Special Function</span><br /></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;"> * To inform read or listener or viewer about events of the day which are considered news worth or important.<br /><br /></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;font-size:180%;" >Generic Structure</span><br /></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;"> <span style="font-size:130%;">1. News worthy event:</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;"> * Recount the event in summary form.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;"> <span style="font-size:130%;">2. Background event:</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;"> * Elaborate what happened, to whom I what circumstances.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;"> <span style="font-size:130%;">3. Source:</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;"> * Comments by participants in witness and authorities expert on the event.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >4. Form:</span><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;">· Using simple present & past tense</span><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;"> (but generally prefers simple present tense)</span><br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;font-size:180%;" >Characteristic</span><br /></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;">• Short, brief information about story captured in head line.</span><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;">• Use material process to retell the event.</span><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;">• Using saying verbs like say, tell, inform.</span><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;">• Focus on circumstances.</span><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;">• Use of projecting verbal process in source stager.</span><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;">• Using action verbs, like, escape, go, run.<br /><br /></span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;font-size:180%;" >Example (a brief sentence cut of some news item):</span><br /></div><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;">1. His family has had no news of his whereabouts for months.</span><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;">2. The job requirements were news to him.</span><br /><span style="font-family: arial; font-weight: bold;">3. The news of the famous actor’s death was greatly exaggerated.</span><br /></div>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-54648963589366529962009-05-23T20:21:00.000-07:002009-06-04T07:28:39.702-07:00Gratitude, Compliment, and Congratulation<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:130%;">Gratitude</span>, the way to said thank you to other people.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;"><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">è<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:130%;">To express gratitude you can say :</span><o:p></o:p></span></li><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="*" width="13" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Thank you<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="*" width="13" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >I’m greatful<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="*" width="13" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >I want to thank …<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="*" width="13" height="13" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >I want to express my gratitude to …<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><!--[if !supportLists]--><ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;"><li><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="*" width="13" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >I keep forgetting to thank you for ..</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" ><br /></span> <ul style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;"><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">è<span style=";font-family:";" > <span> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:130%;">Respone of expressing :</span><o:p></o:p></span></li><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="*" width="15" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >You are welcome<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="*" width="15" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Don’t mention it<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="*" width="15" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Not at all<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="*" width="15" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >It was nothing at all<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="*" width="15" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >No problem<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="*" width="15" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Glad to be help</span></li></ul><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" ><br /><br /></span> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:130%;">Congratulation</span>, to said “good” for other people.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">è<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:130%;">T</span><span style="font-size:130%;">o express congratulation you can say</span><span> :</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="*" width="13" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Let me congratulate you<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="*" width="13" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Congratulation on your success<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="*" width="13" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Good<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="*" width="13" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >That’s great<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="*" width="13" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Isn’t that wonderful<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="*" width="13" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >How fortunate<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="*" width="13" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Splendid<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 38.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="*" width="13" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Prety good<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">è<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:130%;">Respone of expressing :</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="*" width="15" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Thank you<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="*" width="15" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Thanks, I needed that<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="*" width="15" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >That’s very kind of you<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="*" width="15" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >You’ve made my day<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 38.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="*" width="15" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Some to you<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 38.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="*" width="15" height="13" /></span></span> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><u><span style=";font-family:Arial;" ><br /></span></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 204, 204);"><span style="font-size:100%;"><u><span style=";font-family:Arial;" ><span style="font-size:130%;">Example congratulation :</span><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 204, 204);"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Dialogue 1 :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Ais<span style=""> </span>: Who won the football match yesterday?<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Ari<span style=""> </span>: Our team did. We won three to one<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Ais<span style=""> </span>: Congratulation. I’m glad to hear it<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Ari<span style=""> </span>: Thank you<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:130%;">Dialoge 2:</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Milda<span style=""> </span>: Happy birthday, Marry. Many happy return of the day<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Eri<span style=""> </span>: Thank you, Milda. You are the first me who congratulates me<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Milda<span style=""> </span>: Oh realy? Here is a little present for you. I hope you like it.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Eri<span style=""> </span>: Thank you very much. You are realy my best friend.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><br /><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:130%;">Complimen</span><span style="font-size:130%;">t</span>, to give praising to other people. Some people use compliment to “better up” some day or to flatter in order increase good will.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >You compliment some one, for example :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul style="color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >On his / her general appearance<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></li><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >If you notice something new about the person’s appearance<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></li><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >When you visit someone’s<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></li><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >House for the first time<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></li><li><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Wingdings;font-size:100%;" ><span style="">Ø<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >When other people do their best</span></li></ul> <p class="ListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family:Wingdings;font-size:100%;"><span style="">è<span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><span style="font-size:130%;">Expressing :</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="*" width="15" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >What a nice dress<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="*" width="15" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >You look great<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="*" width="15" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >You look very nice<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="*" width="15" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Good grades<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="*" width="15" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Excellent<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="ListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; color: rgb(0, 204, 204); font-weight: bold;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style=";font-family:Symbol;font-size:100%;" ><span style=""><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/Internet/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="*" width="15" height="13" /><span style=";font-family:";" > </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;" >Nice work<o:p></o:p></span></p> <span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" ><br /></span><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Gratitude</span>, thankfulness, or appreciation is a positive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a> or attitude in acknowledgment of a benefit that one has received or will receive. The experience of gratitude has historically been a focus of several world religions, and has been considered extensively by moral philosophers such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratitude#cite_note-1" title=""><span></span></a></sup> The systematic study of gratitude within psychology only began around the year 2000, possibly because psychology has traditionally been focused more on understanding distress rather than understanding positive emotions. However, with the advent of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">positive psychology</a> movement, gratitude has become a mainstream focus of psychological research. <sup id="cite_ref-WoodPsychologist_3-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratitude#cite_note-WoodPsychologist-3" title=""><span></span></a></sup> The study of gratitude within psychology has focused on the understanding of the short term experience of the emotion of gratitude (state gratitude), individual differences in how frequently people feel gratitude (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">trait</a> gratitude), and the relationship between these two aspects.</p>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-20597547024494323092009-05-23T19:37:00.000-07:002009-06-07T00:12:01.638-07:00Greeting<div style="text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNGBb1qYQYajjYLbCyMQpKWtv4jkFR5Rkf2EnX3nlbE5erQFoPc9othp8RHnUN6B8ZlSn_aOaMi1kqO2N6R8I6-khgfUEzS99sFE1-Wg3QxISfyflpTrBeVZvNH4OSIFoGCEt_M0HquEE/s1600-h/07102008(018).jpg"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNGBb1qYQYajjYLbCyMQpKWtv4jkFR5Rkf2EnX3nlbE5erQFoPc9othp8RHnUN6B8ZlSn_aOaMi1kqO2N6R8I6-khgfUEzS99sFE1-Wg3QxISfyflpTrBeVZvNH4OSIFoGCEt_M0HquEE/s320/07102008(018).jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5339214785050322578" border="0" /></a><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Greeting</span></span> </span><span style="font-size:100%;">(also called </span><span style="font-size:100%;">accosting</span><span style="font-size:100%;">) is an act of </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> in which human beings (as well as other members of the animal kingdom) </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><i>intentionally</i></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship or </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other. While greeting </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">customs</a></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> are highly </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a></span><span style="font-size:100%;">- and situation-specific and may change within a culture depending on social status and relationship, they exist in all known human cultures. Greetings can be expressed both audibly and physically, and often involve a combination of the two. This topic excludes military and ceremonial </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salute" title="Salute">salutes</a></span><span style="font-size:100%;"> but includes rituals other than </span><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">gestures</a></span><span style="font-size:100%;">.</span></div><div> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Greetings are often, but not always, used just prior to a conversation.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br />Some epochs and cultures have had very elaborate greeting rituals, e.g., greeting of a king.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_societies" title="Secret societies" class="mw-redirect">Secret societies</a> have <i>clandestine</i> greeting rituals that allow members to recognize common membership.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Example:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Person A</span>: “Hi, my name is Intan. It’s nice to meet you.”</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Person B</span>: “I’m Wendy. It’s a pleasure to meet you, Tan.”</span><br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Person A</span>: “What do you do for a living Wen?”</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /><br /></span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Person B</span>: “I work at the bank.”</span><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>Two friends meeting</strong></span> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Friends often say "Hi" to each other. Then they often ask a general question, such as "How are you?" or "How are things?" or "How's life?"</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The reply to this question is normally positive.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">"Fine thanks, and you?"</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">"Fine thanks, what about yourself?"</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">"Not bad." Or "Can't complain."</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>Greeting people you don't know</strong></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">You can use "Hello" with people you don't know, but a more formal greeting is "Good morning / afternoon / evening."</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The other person normally replies with the same greeting as you have used and then makes polite conversation, such as "How was your trip?" or "Did you find our office easily?"</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Introducing yourself</span></h3><span style="font-weight: bold;">How do you introduce yourself??</span><br />-Let me introduce myself, my name is Intan Ayu…<br />-Hello, I’m Intan Ayu…<br />-Hi, I’m Intan Ayu. You can call me Intan.<br />-Hello, my name is Intan Ayu….<br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong>At an informal party</strong></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">"Hello, I'm Maria." Or "Hello, my name's Maria."</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The reply could be:</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">"Hi, I'm Sarah." Or "Hello Maria, I'm Sarah." Or "Nice to meet you, I'm Sarah."</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong>At work-related events</strong></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">"I'd like to introduce myself. I'm Maria, from english@home."</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Or, "Let me introduce myself. I'm Maria from english@home."</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">The reply could be:</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">"Nice to meet you. I'm Peter Mitchell, from Mitchell Creations."</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">"Pleased to meet you. I'm Peter Mitchell, from Mitchell Creations."</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">"How do you do? I'm Peter Mitchell from Mitchell Creations."</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:180%;">Introducing other people</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong><br />Introducing a friend to a work colleague</strong></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">"Sarah, have you met my colleague John?"</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">"Sarah, I'd like you to meet my colleague John."</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Sarah says:</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">"Pleased to meet you, John." Or "Nice to meet you, John."</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">John could say:</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">"Nice to meet you too, Sarah." Or "Hello, Sarah."</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong>Introducing clients</strong></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">"Mr Mitchell, I'd like to introduce you to my manager, Henry Lewis."</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Mr Mitchell could then say:</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">"How do you do?" and Henry Lewis also says "How do you do?"</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Or Mr Mitchell could say:</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">"Pleased to meet you." Or "Good to meet you."</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Speaking Tip</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">"<strong>How do you do?</strong>" is quite formal for British English speakers and the reply to this question is to repeat the phrase, "<strong>How do you do?</strong>" (as strange as that may sound!)</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><strong>At a more informal party</strong></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">When you introduce two of your friends to each other, you can simply say, "John, this is Sarah."</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="text-align: justify; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size:100%;">Cultural considerations</span></h3><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">At work, one person may have higher status - your boss, or a client, for example. It's polite to address them as Mr / Ms until the situation becomes more informal.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">If someone says, "Please call me (Intan)", you know you can use first names. If someone uses your first name, you can use their first name too.</span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:100%;">People in European and English-speaking cultures often shake hands when they meet someone for the first time.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><span style="font-size:100%;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">How do you end your conversation?????????</span></span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Well, I should be going now. See you.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> I’m sorry, but I have to go now. It’s been nice talking with you. See you later..</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Well, I must be off now. I’ll talk to you later!</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Ups.., look at the time! Sorry, I can’t chat right now. I have to go.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:100%;">The finally word of conversation…</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> See you later/ tomorrow/ next week, etc..</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Have a good time.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Good bye..</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Bye bye..</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Be careful, take a care.</span><br /><span style="font-size:100%;"> Good bye, make a call, will you?</span><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:130%;">* Don't forget to smile! <strong>:-)</strong></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-33594899991069673942009-05-23T19:21:00.000-07:002009-06-06T22:32:33.688-07:00Expressing Sympathy<div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><p><b>Sympathy</b> is a social affinity in which one person stands with another person, closely understanding his or her feelings. The word derives from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i>συμπάθεια</i> (<i>sympatheia</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy#cite_note-0" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup>, from <i>συν</i> (<i>syn</i>) "together" + <i>πάθος</i> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">pathos</a></i>), in this case "suffering" (from <i>πάσχω</i> - <i>pascho</i>, "to be affected by, to suffer"). It also can mean being affected by feelings or emotions. Thus the essence of sympathy is that one has a strong concern for the other person. Sympathy exists when the feelings or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions" title="Emotions" class="mw-redirect">emotions</a> of one person are deeply understood and appreciated by another person.</p> <p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> state of sympathy is closely linked with that of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">compassion</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathic_concern" title="Empathic concern">empathic concern</a>. Although empathy and sympathy are often used interchangeably, a subtle variation in ordinary usage can be detected. To empathize is to respond to another's perceived emotional state by experiencing feelings of a similar sort.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy#cite_note-1" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup> Sympathy not only includes empathizing (but not always), but also entails having a positive regard or a non- fleeting concern for the other person.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy#cite_note-2" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup></p> <p>In common usage, sympathy is usually making known one's understanding of another's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unhappiness" title="Unhappiness" class="mw-redirect">unhappiness</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a>, especially when it is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">grief</a>.</p> <p>Sympathy can also refer to being aware of other (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive" title="Positive">positive</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" title="Link needs disambiguation" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Disambiguation/Fixing_links" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Disambiguation/Fixing links">disambiguation needed</a></i>]</sup>) emotions as well.</p> <p>In a broader sense, it can refer to the sharing of political or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> sentiments, such as in the phrase "a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> sympathizer".</p><span style="font-size:180%;"><span><br />What To Say... How To Help<br /><br /></span></span></div><div style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBBSjmT-7dtFWrZ9a0qFmqbnTOvNrHpjepcMe3LpQV-k8ZaqdLDoY_FzW9r2nFa7zh8kj-h72J6a8cTw6QGYTYmomseXV9ZXN16DI9rkjaO0orrET13kSSgyw90Bv4YuxLQtaA0S6BUok/s1600-h/DSC02657.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBBSjmT-7dtFWrZ9a0qFmqbnTOvNrHpjepcMe3LpQV-k8ZaqdLDoY_FzW9r2nFa7zh8kj-h72J6a8cTw6QGYTYmomseXV9ZXN16DI9rkjaO0orrET13kSSgyw90Bv4YuxLQtaA0S6BUok/s320/DSC02657.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5339210430857346594" border="0" /></a><span style="font-family: georgia;font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:100%;" >Expressing sympathy...</span><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:100%;" >So your best friend just lost her teenage son in a car wreck... What a tragedy! You are just devastated and so saddened by the news.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:100%;" >But, Geez! What do you say to your friend? How can you possibly help or lessen her pain for her? Well, you can't, but there are things you can say or do to provide genuine support for a fellow human in need.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:100%;" >And there are some things you should never say to a bereaved person.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:100%;" >So what is the best way to express sympathy when a friend or loved one has suffered a tragic loss? What should you say to them? How best to lend support or offer to help?</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:100%;" >Many bereaved people have reported that certain things said or done by those offering sympathy had a great impact on them... either positive or negative. We present in this section a guide to help you out with one of life's most difficult challenges... expressing sympathy.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: georgia;font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:100%;" ><i>Read on for some useful guidelines:</i></span></div><ul style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; font-family: georgia;"><span style=";font-size:100%;" > <li>How you can help (below)</li> <li><a href="http://www.recover-from-grief.com/words-of-sympathy.html">What to say in person</a></li> <li>Hurtful <a href="http://www.recover-from-grief.com/words-of-sympathy.html"> platitudes (cliches) to avoid</a></li> <li>How to write a <a href="http://www.recover-from-grief.com/sample-letter-of-sympathy.html"> comforting sympathy letter</a></li> <li>Send one of our <a href="http://www.recover-from-grief.com/sympathy-card-messages.html"> beautifully unique sympathy cards</a></li> <li>Our special <a href="http://www.recover-from-grief.com/sympathy-gift-ideas.html"> sympathy gift collection</a><br /></li></span></ul><hr style="color: rgb(126, 161, 41); font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; font-family: georgia;"><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:100%;" ><span style="color: rgb(67, 86, 22);font-size:130%;" > HOW YOU CAN HELP <img src="http://www.recover-from-grief.com/images/dove-logo.jpg" width="95" border="0" height="62" /></span></span></p><hr style="color: rgb(126, 161, 41); font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; font-family: georgia;"><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:100%;" ><br /></span></p><div style="font-weight: bold; font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:100%;" >Expressing sympathy...</span><br /><span style=";font-size:100%;" >Let's face it. Bereavement is simply a sensitive, awkward subject. Yes, you do care, and yes, you want to help... but how? How can you really help this person out?</span><br /><br /><span style=";font-size:100%;" >Well, the answer is that you can't. What you can do is lend an ear, provide support, and just let them know you care. You really cannot fix anything for them, so don't even try. What you can do is offer to help in some way... and make good on the offer. Oftentimes, you might hear a sympathetic friend say "Just call if you need anything". This lets them off the hook. They express blanket offers of help, then exit the scene as quickly as possible.</span><br /><br /><span style=";font-size:100%;" >The only problem is that offer of help, even if sincere, leaves the burden on the bereaved. Not only are they too distraught to sort out who offered to help, they don't even know if it was a sincere offer. So they won't call, even if they really could use some practical help.</span><br /><br /><span style=";font-size:100%;" >Instead, we propose the following approach if you want to help your friend out: instead of saying "call me if you need anything," say "I could help by (cutting the grass this Friday, or taking the kids for the weekend, or picking up people at the airport for you)".</span><br /><br /><br /><span style=";font-size:100%;" >Let them know of a particular (and useful) task you would be willing to provide, and offer to do it. Then follow up! Call a few days later and offer again, making sure to name a specific date and time "if that's convenient for you". An example: "I would like to bring over dinner on Wednesday if that's convenient".</span><br /><br /><span style=";font-size:100%;" >The reality is that most any bereaved person could use a little help with household chores or funeral arrangements. In times of early bereavement, just keeping the household going can be overwhelming. Simple but important tasks just don't seem that important. If you really want to help the family out, this is how you can.</span><br /></div><hr style="color: rgb(126, 161, 41); font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; font-family: georgia;"><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:100%;" ><span style=";font-size:100%;" ><span style="color: rgb(67, 86, 22);font-size:130%;" > HOW TO HELP <img src="http://www.recover-from-grief.com/images/dove-logo.jpg" width="95" border="0" height="62" /><br /> A BEREAVED FAMILY OR FRIEND </span></span></span></p><hr style="color: rgb(126, 161, 41); font-weight: bold; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; font-family: georgia;"><p style="font-weight: bold; font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:100%;" ><span style=";font-size:100%;" ><br /></span></span></p><div style="font-weight: bold; font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><span style=";font-size:100%;" ><span style=";font-size:100%;" >Expressing sympathy...</span></span></div><ul style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold; font-family: georgia;"><span style=";font-size:100%;" > <li>Take over a Honey Bak'd Ham, or a plate of sandwiches... hand it to them in person, with a hug.<br /></li> <li>Bake 3 dozen homemade chocolate chip cookies.<br /></li> <li>Offer to clean up the place for them... and do it (yes, even the bathroom).<br /></li> <li>Spend an evening playing cards with them, or putting together a jigsaw puzzle or art project.<br /></li> <li>Make a list of all their sympathy gifts, who gave what, and offer to help write thank you cards.<br /></li> <li>Take the kids to the zoo, bowling or the movies.<br /></li> <li>Take the bereaved person out for a walk in the fresh air. Let him talk and don't interrupt.<br /></li> <li>Sit them down to help pay the bills and balance the checkbook.<br /></li> <li>Help them make a "to-do" list for the coming week.<br /></li> <li>Let them know you are bringing over a spaghetti dinner one night, complete with salad and garlic bread.<br /></li> <li>Offer a big hug and let them cry on your shoulder... and don't tell them "everything will be alright".<br /></li> <li>If you feel that your friend is "losing it" and unable to cope or function, or using drugs or too much alcohol to cope, urge them to get professional help, and help them find the resources. (Books, support groups, counseling).<br /></li> <li>Cut and trim the lawn. Rake the leaves. Wash the car.<br /></li> <li>Help make a grocery list, then go do the shopping for them.<br /></li> <li>Even if you have "been there for them", a written letter or note of condolence can also be a helpful and comforting gesture. (See the section on <a href="http://www.recover-from-grief.com/sample-letter-of-sympathy.html"> sympathy letters</a>, or send one of our <a href="http://www.recover-from-grief.com/sympathy-card-messages.html">comforting sympathy cards</a>).<br /></li> <li>Send or deliver in person a <a href="http://www.recover-from-grief.com/sympathy-gift-ideas.html"> thoughtful sympathy gift</a>.<br /></li> <li>(Later in bereavement): Take your friend out to dinner or a movie. Don't abandon them because you might feel a little awkward. Bereavement takes a long time. Be patient and let your friend know you will be there for the long haul. Never tell them you think it is time for them to move on. Grief is personal and each person has her own private timetable for her "griefwork".</li></span></ul><div style="font-weight: bold; font-family: georgia; text-align: justify;"><br /><span style=";font-size:100%;" >Expressing sympathy...</span><br /><span style=";font-size:100%;" >Although he may not express his thanks to you right now, your friend will always remember you were there to help them weather the storm.</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify; font-family: georgia;"><br /></div><p><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:100%;" > <br /></span></p>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-32284997378281267712009-05-23T06:38:00.000-07:002009-06-04T07:30:24.740-07:00Descriptive Text<table class="MsoTableGrid" width="473" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td width="348"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span>DESCRIPTIVE TEXT</span></strong></p> </td> <td width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><strong><span>GENERIC STRUCTURE</span></strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="348"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>The </span><span>Golden Gate</span><span> </span><span>Bridge</span><span> is a suspension bridge spanning the </span><span>Golden Gate</span><span>, the opening of the </span><span>San Francisco</span><span> </span><span>Bay</span><span> onto the </span><span>Pacific Ocean</span><span>. As part of both US Highway 101 and California Route 1, it connects the city of </span><span>San Francisco</span><span> on the northern tip of the </span><span>San Francisco</span><span> </span><span>Peninsula</span><span> to </span><span>Marin</span><span> </span><span>County</span><span>.</span></p> </td> <td width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span>IDENTIFICATION</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="348"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span>The </span><span>Golden Gate</span><span> </span><span>Bridge</span><span> had the longest suspension bridge span in the world when it was completed in 1937 and has become an internationally recognized symbol of </span><span>San Francisco</span><span> and </span><span>California</span><span>. Since its completion, the span length has been surpassed by eight other bridges. It still has the second longest suspension bridge main span in the </span><span>United States</span><span>, after the </span><span>Verrazano-Narrows</span><span> </span><span>Bridge</span><span> in </span><span>New York City</span><span>. In 2007, it was ranked fifth on the List of America’s Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects.</span></p> </td> <td width="156"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span>DESCRIPTION</span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p align="justify"> </p><p align="justify">Ok, jadi dari contoh teks diatas kita tahu bahwa sebuah DESCRIPTIVE TEXT mempunyai<em><strong> GENERIC STRUCTURE</strong></em> sebagai berikut :</p> <ol><li><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;"><strong>Identification </strong>: Identifies phenomenon ( Mengidentifikasi / pengenalan fenomena / hal yang dideskripsikan)</span></li><li><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;"><strong>Description :</strong> Menggambarkan bagian, kualitas, maupun ciri – ciri)</span></li></ol> <p>Dari contoh <em><strong>DESCRIPTIVE TEXT</strong></em> diatas, kita juga bisa mengambil kesimpulan teantang ciri – ciri DESCRIPTIVE TEXT sebagai berikut :</p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;"><strong>T</strong><em><strong>he Use of Simple Present Tense</strong></em> (Penggunaan Simple Present Tense)</span></li><li><span style="font-family:Arial,sans-serif;"><em><strong>Focus on Specific Participant </strong></em>(Fokus kepada Hal / orang / tempat secara khusus)</span></li></ul>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-10049831089156352312009-05-23T06:36:00.000-07:002009-06-04T07:30:46.416-07:00Modals in the past<table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="100%" border="1" height="175"><tbody><tr><td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="19%" align="center" height="27"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><a href="http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/ModalsPast.htm#canthave"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">can't have</span></a></span></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="20%" align="center" height="27"> <span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><a href="http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/ModalsPast.htm#could"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">could</span></a></span></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="23%" align="center" height="27"> <span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><a href="http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/ModalsPast.htm#couldhave"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">could have</span></a></span></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="17%" align="center" height="27"> <span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><a href="http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/ModalsPast.htm#couldnt"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">couldn't</span></a></span></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="21%" align="center" height="27"> <span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><a href="http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/ModalsPast.htm#couldnthave"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">couldn't have</span></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="19%" align="center" height="37"> <span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><a href="http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/ModalsPast.htm#didntneedto"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">didn't need to</span></a></span></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="19%" align="center" height="37"> <span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><a href="http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/ModalsPast.htm#hadto"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">had to</span></a></span></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="20%" align="center" height="37"> <span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><a href="http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/ModalsPast.htm#mayhave"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">may have</span></a></span></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="23%" align="center" height="37"> <span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><a href="http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/ModalsPast.htm#maynothave"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">may not have</span></a></span></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="17%" align="center" height="37"> <span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><a href="http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/ModalsPast.htm#mighthave"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">might have</span></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="19%" align="center" height="27"> <span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><a href="http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/ModalsPast.htm#mightnothave"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">might not have</span></a></span></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="19%" align="center" height="27"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><a href="http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/ModalsPast.htm#musthave"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">must have</span></a></span></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="20%" align="center" height="27"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><a href="http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/ModalsPast.htm#neednthave"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">needn't have</span></a></span></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="23%" align="center" height="27"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><a href="http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/ModalsPast.htm#oughtnottohave"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">ought not to have</span></a></span></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="19%" align="center" height="27"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><a href="http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/ModalsPast.htm#oughttohave"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">ought to have</span></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="19%" align="center" height="27"> <span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><a href="http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/ModalsPast.htm#shouldhave"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">should have</span></a></span></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="19%" align="center" height="27"> <span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><a href="http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/ModalsPast.htm#shouldnthave"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">shouldn't have</span></a></span></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="19%" align="center" height="27"> <span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><a href="http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/ModalsPast.htm#wouldhave"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">would have</span></a></span></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="17%" align="center" height="27"> <span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" ><a href="http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/ModalsPast.htm#wouldnot"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">would not</span></a></span></td> <td style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="21%" align="center" bgcolor="#f295bf" height="27"> <br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB"> <o:p> </o:p> </span></p> <div align="center"> <a name="be"></a> <center> <a name="canthave"></a> <table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="88%" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(255, 0, 255);" width="33%"> <p align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;" >can't have</span></b></span></p></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="67%"> <p align="center"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >certainty</span></p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. I can't have lost my keys! (I'm sure I didn't)</span> </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p> </p> <div align="center"> <a name="can"></a> <center> <table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="88%" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(157, 138, 247);" width="33%"> <p align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;" ><a name="could"></a>could</span></b></span></p></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" width="67%" align="center"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >permission</span> <p><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. When<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> I was a teenager, I could go out as late as I wanted.</span></span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="33%" bgcolor="#ffffff"><br /></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="67%" align="center"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >general ability</span> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. Tom could walk by the age of 8 months.</span> </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p> </p> <div align="center"> <a name="cant"></a> <center> <table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="88%" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="33%"> <p align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;" ><a name="couldhave"></a>could have</span></b></span></p></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" width="67%" align="center"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >possibility, but did not happen</span> <p><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. I could have passed my driving test if I'd really tried.</span></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="33%" bgcolor="#ffffff"><br /></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" width="67%" align="center"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >uncertainty</span> <p><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. I guess it could have been Sandra on the phone.</span> </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;"> </span></p> <div align="center"> <center> <table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="88%" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(157, 138, 247);" width="33%"> <p align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;" ><a name="couldnt"></a>couldn't</span></b></span></p></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" width="67%" align="center"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >permission</span> <p><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">g. When I was a teenager, I couldn't stay out as late as I wanted.</span></span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="33%" bgcolor="#ffffff"><br /></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="67%" align="center"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >general ability</span> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. I couldn't walk until I was 2. </span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="33%"><br /></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" width="67%" align="center"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >ability in a particular situation</span> <p><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. I <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">tried hard but I couldn't persuade him to go to the party with us.</span></span> </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p> </p> <div align="center"> <a name="could"></a> <center> <table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="88%" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 192);" width="33%" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;" ><a name="couldnthave"></a>couldn't have</span></b></span></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" width="67%" align="center"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >possibility/ability</span> <p><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. I c<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">ouldn't possibly have passed my driving test, even if I'd tried harder.</span></span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="33%" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff"><br /></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="67%" align="center"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >uncertainty</span> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. It couldn't have been Sandra on the phone, could it? </span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="33%" align="center"><br /></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" width="67%" align="center"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >with comparative adjectives</span> <p><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. I<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> couldn't have asked for better weather on my wedding day.</span></span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="33%" bgcolor="#ffffff"><br /></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="67%"> <p align="center"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >unwillingness</span></p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. I couldn't have left the dog in the car for long (so I didn't).</span> </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p><span style="font-family:Comic Sans MS;"> </span></p> <div align="center"> <a name="donthaveto"></a> <center> <table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="88%" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(242, 149, 191);" width="33%"> <p align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;" ><a name="didntneedto"></a>didn’t need to</span></b></span></p></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="67%"> <p align="center"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >unnecessary action not done</span></p> <p align="center"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. As I was alone this weekend, I didn't need to do any cooking (so I didn't).</span> </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p> </p> <div align="center"> <a name="dontneedto"></a> <center> <table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="88%" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="33%"> <p align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;" ><a name="hadto"></a>had to</span></b></span></p></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" width="67%"> <p align="center"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >obligation (past form of <i>must</i>)</span></p> <p align="center"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. I couldn't go out last night because I had to do my homework.</span> </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p> </p> <div align="center"> <a name="hadbetter"></a> <center> <table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="88%" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 192);" width="33%"> <p align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;" ><a name="mayhave"></a>may have</span></b></span></p></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="67%"> <p align="center"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >uncertainty</span></p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. I guess I may have been a bit hard on her when she came home an hour late.</span> </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p> </p> <div align="center"> <a name="haveto"></a> <center> <table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="88%" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(255, 0, 255);" width="33%"> <p align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;" ><a name="maynothave"></a>may not have</span></b></span></p></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" width="67%"> <p align="center"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >uncertainty</span></p> <p align="center"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. He may not have found out yet that he has passed the test.</span></p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p> </p> <div align="center"> <a name="may"></a> <center> <table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="88%" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(242, 149, 191);" width="33%"> <p align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;" ><a name="mighthave"></a>might have</span></b></span></p></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="67%" align="center"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >possibility (didn't happen)</span> <p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. You might have been killed!</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="33%" bgcolor="#d8e1f3"> <br /></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="67%" align="center"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >uncertainty</span> <p><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. I guess I might have been a bit hard on her when she came home an hour late.</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="33%" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <br /></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="67%" align="center"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >annoyance at someone's failure to do something</span> <p><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. You <u>might</u> have <u>told</u> me that you had invited all your colleagues round for dinner!</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="33%" bgcolor="#d8e1f3"> <br /></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" width="67%" align="center"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >might have known + would (idiom to ironically express that somebody's action was typical)</span> <p><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. I might have known that he would finish with me as soon as he found out I wasn't wealthy!</span> </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p> </p> <div align="center"> <a name="mayaswell"></a> <center> <table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="88%" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(157, 138, 247);" width="33%"> <p align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;" ><a name="mightnothave"></a>might not have</span></b></span></p></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="67%"> <p align="center"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >uncertainty</span></p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. He may not have found out yet that he has passed the test.</span> </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p> </p> <div align="center"> <a name="might"></a> <center> <table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="88%" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(157, 138, 247);" width="33%"> <p align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;" ><a name="musthave"></a>must have</span></b></span></p></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" width="67%" align="center"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >certainty</span> <p><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">g. He must have known how much it was going to cost. (I'm sure he knew.)</span></span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="33%" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <br /></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="67%" align="center"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >with <i>surely</i> in exclamations</span> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. Surely he must have known how much it was going to cost!</span> </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p> </p> <div align="center"> <a name="must"></a> <center> <table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); width: 598px; height: 58px;" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(242, 149, 191);" width="33%"> <p align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;" ><a name="neednthave"></a>needn't have</span></b></span></p></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" width="67%" align="center"> <p><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >ne</span><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >unnecessary action that was actually done </span> <span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. Oh, you needn't have do</span><span style="color: rgb(102, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" > the washing up!</span> </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p> </p> <div align="center"> <center> <table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="88%" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 192);" width="33%"> <p align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;" ><a name="oughtnottohave"></a>ought not to have</span></b></span></p></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="67%"> <p align="center"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >criticism (more common is <i>shouldn't have</i>)</span></p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. You ought not to have been so frank with him.</span> </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p> </p> <div align="center"> <a name="mustnot"></a> <center> <table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="88%" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(128, 128, 192);" width="33%"> <p align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;" ><a name="oughttohave"></a>ought to have</span></b></span></p></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="67%"> <p align="center"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >expectation (<i>should have</i> is more common)</span></p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >Why is she late? She ought to have arrived by now!</span> </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p> </p> <div align="center"> <a name="need"></a> <center> <table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="88%" border="1" height="181"> <tbody><tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="33%" height="98"> <p align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;" ><a name="shouldhave"></a>should have</span></b></span></p></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" width="67%" align="center" height="98"> <p align="center"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >expectation</span></p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >Why is she late? She should have arrived by now!</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="33%" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="71"> <br /></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="67%" align="center" height="71"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >should have + verbs of thinking</span> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. I should have thought you knew.</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="33%" bgcolor="#d8e1f3" height="71"> <br /></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" width="67%" align="center" height="71"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >with <i>be</i> and adjectives, describing chance</span> <p><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">een staying in the same hostel last month.</span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >g. It was weird that you should have b</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="33%" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="71"> <br /></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="67%" align="center" height="71"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >criticism (you didn't do something, but it would have been the right thing to do)</span> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. The party was such fun last night! You should have come!</span> </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p> </p> <div align="center"> <a name="neednt"></a> <center> <table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="88%" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(255, 0, 255);" width="33%"> <p align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;" ><a name="shouldnthave"></a>shouldn't have</span></b></span></p></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" width="67%"> <p align="center"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >criticism</span></p> <p align="center"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">.g. You shouldn</span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">'</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >t have been so frank with him.</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="33%" bgcolor="#ffffff"> <br /></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="67%"> <p align="center"><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >polite expression of thanks on receiving a gift or favour</span></p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >"Here's a bottle of wine for you"</span></p> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" align="center"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >"Oh, you really shouldn't have!"</span> </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p> </p> <div align="center"> <a name="ought"></a> <center> <table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="88%" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(255, 0, 255);" width="33%"> <p align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;" ><a name="wouldhave"></a>would have</span></b></span></p></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="67%" align="center"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >events in the past that did not happen</span> <p style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. I wouldn't have gone out with him, but he didn't ask me.</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="33%" bgcolor="#d8e1f3"> <br /></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" width="67%" align="center"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >assumptions</span> <p><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e.g. <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">Oh, that would have been Sarah on the phone just now.</span></span> </p></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </center> </div> <p> </p> <a name="shall"></a> <a name="wouldnot"></a> <table style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="88%" border="1"><tbody><tr><td bg="" style="color: rgb(216, 225, 243);" width="33%" align="center"><span lang="EN-GB"><b><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:180%;" >would not</span></b></span></td> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" width="67%" align="center"> <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >unwillingness</span> <p><span style=";font-family:Comic Sans MS;font-size:130%;" >e<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">.g. I asked Tom to close the window, but he wouldn't do it.</span></span> </p></td></tr></tbody></table>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-9145605421654059762009-05-15T00:32:00.000-07:002009-06-06T23:26:37.561-07:00Surprise or disebelief<span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" >Surprise or disbelief is on expression that we show / say when know / see something that rather difficult to believe....<br /><br />Example:<br /></span><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" >Elisa : " look I got "<br /> Milda: " that's very suprising "<br />Elisa: " I don't know why "<br />Milda: " Perhaps you did wrong number "</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" ><br />When get a suprising fact, you can say those to tell other people :<br />- do you know what ?<br />- believe it or not ?<br />- you may not believe it,but..<br />-can you believe ?<br /><br />Respon : - really ?<br /> - are you sure / joking ?<br /> - where ? show me<br /><br />There are some ways to express surprise :<br />- never<br />- oh no<br />- you're kidding<br />- what a surprise<br />- my good ness<br />- ect<br /><br /><br /></span><hr style="color: rgb(126, 161, 41);" align="left"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" ><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;">English idioms relating to</span></b><br /><b><span style="font-family:Arial;"> SURPRISE - DISBELIEF</span></b><br /></span></div><span style="font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;" ><br /><br /></span><table bordercolorlight="#C0C0C0" bordercolordark="#C0C0C0" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 488px; height: 1320px;" bgcolor="#ffffff" border="1" bordercolor="#c0c0c0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="6" width="100%" bgcolor="#f3fefe" height="37"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255); text-align: center;" width="28%" height="37"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">It </span><u style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">beats</u><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"> me! </span></span></b></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: left;" bg="" width="100%" height="37"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">This expression is used to express surprise at something that you<br /> find difficult to understand,<b><br /> </b>"<b>It beats me</b> how he can live in that horrible apartment!"</span></td> </tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b><br /></b></span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b>It's <u>beyond</u> me</b></span></div></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">The expression "<b>it's beyond me</b>" means: "it's impossible for me to<br /> understand"<br /> "It's beyond me why Mary wants to marry John."</span></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><u><br /><br />D</u></b></span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><u><b>o</b></u> <b>a double take<br /></b></span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Someone who does <b>a double take</b> looks again in surprise at <br /> something unexpected.<b><br /> </b>"He did a double take when he saw his wife in a restaurant with<br /> another man."</span></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><u><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><br /><br />D</span></b></u><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b><u>rop</u> a bombshell</b></span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"> </span> <span style="font-family:Arial;"> <span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">If you d<b>rop a bombshell</b>, you make an unexpected announcement which<br /> will greatly change a situation.<b><br /> </b> "The chairman dropped a bombshell when he announced the merger with<br /> the company's biggest rival."</span></span></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><br />One's <u>jaw</u> drops</b></span></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"><span style="font-size:85%;"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">If someone's<b> jaw drops</b>, they show total amazement.<b><br /> </b>"When the prize was announced, the winner's jaw dropped."</span></td></tr><tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="28%" height="37"><b> <span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"> </span><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;" ><u>Jump</u> out of one's skin</span></b><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;" >.</span></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: left;" bg="" width="100%" height="37"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"> If you <b>jump out of your skin</b>, you are extremely surprised or shocked.<br /> "Jane nearly j<b>umped out of her skin</b> when the horse put its head<br /> through the window!"</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td bordercolorlight="#C0C0C0" bordercolordark="#C0C0C0" bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" width="32%" height="37"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"> <b><u style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">Knock</u><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);"> somebody down with a feather </span><br /></b></span></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: left;" bordercolorlight="#C0C0C0" bordercolordark="#C0C0C0" bg="" width="100%" height="37"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">To say "<b>you could have knocked me down with a feather"<br /> </b>emphasizes the fact that you were extremely surprised.<br /> "When I heard the name of the winner, you could have knocked me<br /> down with a feather!"</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td bordercolorlight="#C0C0C0" bordercolordark="#C0C0C0" bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255); text-align: center;" width="32%" height="37"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"> <b style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255);">The mind <u>boggles</u></b></span></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: left;" bordercolorlight="#C0C0C0" bordercolordark="#C0C0C0" bg="" width="100%" height="37"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">The expression "<b>the mind boggles</b>" is used as a reaction to<br /> something you find amazing or difficult to understand.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td bordercolorlight="#C0C0C0" bordercolordark="#C0C0C0" bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;" width="31%" height="38"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"> <b><u>Nine</u>-day wonder</b></span></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: left;" bordercolorlight="#C0C0C0" bordercolordark="#C0C0C0" bg="" width="100%" height="38"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">An event which is <b>a nine-day wonder </b>causes interest, surprise or<br /> excitement for a short time, but it doesn't last.<br /> "His sudden departure was a nine-day wonder but he was soon forgotten."</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;" width="28%" height="37"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"> <u>Raise</u> eyebrows</span></b></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: left;" bg="" width="100%" height="37"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">If you <b>raise your eyebrows</b> at something, you show surprise or <br /> disapproval by the expression on your face.<br /> "When the boss arrived in jeans, there were a lot of raised eyebrows."</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;" width="28%" height="37"><b> <span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b><u>Seeing</u> is believing</b></span></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: left;" bg="" width="100%" height="37"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">This expression means that when you see something, you can be sure<br /> it exists, or that what you have been told is really true.<br /> "Mark says bananas grow in his garden, but <b>seeing is believing</b>!"</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;" width="28%" height="37"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b><u>Stop</u> dead in one's tracks</b></span></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: left;" bg="" width="100%" height="37"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"> If you <b>stop dead in your tracks</b>, you stop suddenly because you are<br /> frightened or surprised. <br /> "When Steve saw the snake, he stopped dead in his tracks."</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;" width="28%" height="38"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"> <b><u>Struck</u> dumb</b></span></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: left;" bg="" width="100%" height="38"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"> If someone is <b>struck dumb</b>, they are unable to speak because<br /> they are so surprised, shocked or frightened by something.<br /> "The accused was struck dumb when the verdict was announced."</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;" width="28%" height="24"><span lang="fr"><b> <span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"></span></b></span><u><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">T</span></b></u><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b><u>here's</u> no accounting for taste!</b> </span></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: left;" bg="" width="100%" height="24"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">This expression is used to indicate surprise at another person's likes <br /> or dislikes<br /> "She fell in love with a guy who's short, fat, bald and poor ... <br /> well, <b>there's no accounting for taste!</b>" </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td bordercolorlight="#C0C0C0" bordercolordark="#C0C0C0" bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;" width="34%" height="48"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b> </b></span><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Wonders will never cease!</span></b></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: left;" bordercolorlight="#C0C0C0" bordercolordark="#C0C0C0" bg="" width="100%" height="48"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">This saying is used to express pleasure or surprise at something.<br /> "Idioms are increasingly popular with learners of English.<b><br /> Wonders will never cease!</b>"</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;" bg="" width="33%" height="48"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b>A bolt from the <u>blue</u></b></span></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: left;" bg="" width="67%" height="48"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"> To refer to something as <b>a bolt from the blue</b> means<br /> that it happened completely unexpectedly.<br /> The chairman's resignation came as a bolt from the blue!"</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td bordercolorlight="#C0C0C0" bordercolordark="#C0C0C0" bg="" style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: center;" width="31%" height="32"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b>Out of the <u>blue</u></b></span></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: left;" bordercolorlight="#C0C0C0" bordercolordark="#C0C0C0" bg="" width="100%" height="32"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">If something happens <b>out of the blue</b>, it happens unexpectedly.</span></td></tr></tbody></table>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-85447259244360427912009-05-15T00:15:00.000-07:002009-06-04T07:31:45.669-07:00Direct & Inderect Speech<div style="text-align: justify;"><img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/zyrex/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot.jpg" alt="" /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.</span><br /><br /><br /></div><p style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;">Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.</span></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span>Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech </span><span><br /></span><span>simple present</span><span><br /></span><span>He said, “I go to school every day.” Þ simple past</span><span><br /></span><span>He said (that) he went to school every day. </span><span><br /></span><span>simple past </span><span><br /></span><span>He said, “I went to school every day.” Þ past perfect</span><span><br /></span><span>He said (that) he had gone to school every day. </span><span><br /></span><span>present perfect </span><span><br /></span><span>He said, “I have gone to school every day.” Þ past perfect </span><span><br /></span><span>He said (that) he had gone to school every day. </span><span><br /></span><span>present progressive</span><span><br /></span><span>He said, “I am going to school every day.” Þ past progressive</span><span><br /></span><span>He said (that) he was going to school every day. </span><span><br /></span><span>past progressive</span><span><br /></span><span>He said, “I was going to school every day.” Þ perfect progressive</span><span><br /></span><span>He said (that) he had been going to school every day, </span><span><br /></span><span>future (will)</span><span><br /></span><span>He said, “I will go to school every day.” Þ would + verb name</span><span><br /></span><span>He said (that) he would go to school every day. </span><span><br /></span><span>future (going to)</span><span><br /></span><span>He said, “I am going to school every day.” Þ present progressive</span><span><br /></span><span>He said (that) he is going to school every day. </span><span><br /></span><span> past progressive</span><span><br /></span><span>He said (that) he was going to school every day </span><span><br /></span><span>Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech </span><span><br /></span><span>auxiliary + verb name</span><span><br /></span><span>He said, “Do you go to school every day?”</span><span><br /></span><span>He said, “Where do you go to school?” Þ simple past</span><span><br /></span><span>He asked me if I went to school every day.*</span><span><br /></span><span>He asked me where I went to school. </span><span><br /></span><span>imperative</span><span><br /></span><span>He said, “Go to school every day.” Þ infinitive</span><span><br /></span><span>He said to go to school every day. </span><span><br /></span><span><br /></span><span><br /></span><span> </span><span><br /></span><span>*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whether is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions. </span><span><br /></span><span><br /></span><span>The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below.</span><span><br /></span><span><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">simple present + simple present</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He says, “I go to school every day.” Þ simple present + simple present</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He says (that) he goes to school every day.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">present perfect + simple present</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He has said, “I go to school every day.” Þ present perfect + simple present</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He has said (that) he goes to school every day.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">past progressive + simple past</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He was saying, “I went to school every day.” Þ past progressive + simple past</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He was saying (that) he went to school every day.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;"> past progressive + past perfect</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">future + simple present</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He will say, “I go to school every day.” Þ future + simple present</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He will say (that) he goes to school every day.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;"> Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;"> Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">can</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He said, “I can go to school every day.” Þ could</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He said (that) he could go to school every day.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">may</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He said, “I may go to school every day.” Þ might</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He said (that) he might go to school every day.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">might</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He said, “I might go to school every day.” </span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">must</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He said, “I must go to school every day.” Þ had to</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He said (that) he had to go to school every day.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">have to</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He said, “I have to go to school every day.” </span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">should</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He said, “I should go to school every day.” Þ should</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He said (that) he should go to school every day.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">ought to</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He said, “I ought to go to school every day.” Þ ought to</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">While not all of the possibilities have been listed here, there are enough to provide examples of the main rules governing the use of indirect or reported speech. For other situations, try to extrapolate from the examples here, or better still, refer to a good grammar text or reference book.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Some other verbs that can be used to introduce direct speech are: ask, report, tell, announce, suggest, and inquire. They are not used interchangeably; check a grammar or usage book for further information.</span><br /></div><p><span><span style="color: rgb(102, 51, 102);"><br /></span></span></p>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-45708859909750648712009-05-15T00:11:00.000-07:002009-06-04T07:32:21.721-07:00Simple Present Tense<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">[VERB] + s/es in third perso</span><br /><br /></div><p style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">Examples:<br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">You speak English.</span><br /></div><p style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">Do you speak English?</p><p style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">You do not speak English.</p><p style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">Most Verbs<br /><br />Most verbs conjugate like the verb "run" below. Notice how you add an "s" to third-person forms. Third-person negative forms and third-person questions are made using "does."Positive Negative Question<br />I run.<br />You run.<br />We run.<br />They run.<br />He runs.<br />She runs.<br />It runs. I do not run.<br />You do not run.<br />We do not run.<br />They do not run.<br />He does not run.<br />She does not run.<br />It does not run. Do I run?<br />Do you run?<br />Do we run?<br />Do they run?<br />Does he run?<br />Does she run?<br />Does it run?<br /><br /><br />Instead of "s," "es" is added to positive, third-person forms of verbs ending with the following sounds: s, z, sh, ch, j or zs (as in Zsa Zsa). These special "es"-forms have been marked below with an asterisk*.Positive Negative Question<br />I rush.<br />You rush.<br />We rush.<br />They rush.<br />He rushes. *<br />She rushes. *<br />It rushes. * I do not rush.<br />You do not rush.<br />We do not rush.<br />They do not rush.<br />He does not rush.<br />She does not rush.<br />It does not rush. Do I rush?<br />Do you rush?<br />Do we rush?<br />Do they rush?<br />Does he rush?<br />Does she rush?<br />Does it rush?<br /><br />To Have<br /><br />The verb "have" is irregular in positive, third-person forms. This irregular form has been marked below with an asterisk*.Positive Negative Question<br />I have.<br />You have.<br />We have.<br />They have.<br />He has. *<br />She has. *<br />It has. * I do not have.<br />You do not have.<br />We do not have.<br />They do not have.<br />He does not have.<br />She does not have.<br />It does not have. Do I have?<br />Do you have?<br />Do we have?<br />Do they have?<br />Does he have?<br />Does she have?<br />Does it have?<br /><br />To Be<br /><br />The verb "be" is irregular in the Simple Present. It also has different question forms and negative forms.Positive Negative Question<br />I am.<br />You are.<br />We are.<br />They are.<br />He is.<br />She is.<br />It is. I am not.<br />You are not.<br />We are not.<br />They are not.<br />He is not.<br />She is not.<br />It is not. Am I?<br />Are you?<br />Are we?<br />Are they?<br />Is he?<br />Is she?<br />Is it?<br /><br />Modal Verbs<br /><br />Modal verbs behave differently from other verbs. Notice that they do not take "s" in the third person - there is no difference between first-person, second-person or third-person forms. Like the verb "be" described above, modal verbs also have different question forms and negative forms in Simple Present.Positive Negative Question<br />I should go.<br />You should go.<br />We should go.<br />They should go.<br />He should go.<br />She should go.<br />It should go. I should not go.<br />You should not go.<br />We should not go.<br />They should not go.<br />He should not go.<br />She should not go.<br />It should not go. Should I go?<br />Should you go?<br />Should we go?<br />Should they go?<br />Should he go?<br />Should she go?<br />Should it go?</p><p style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><strong>USE 1 Repeated Actions</strong><br /><br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">I play tennis.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">She does not play tennis.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Does he play tennis? </span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">The train does not leave at 9 AM.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">When does the train usually leave? </span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">She always forgets her purse.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He never forgets his wallet.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Does the Sun circle the Earth?</span><br /></div><p style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">USE 2 Facts or Generalizations</p><p style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><strong></strong></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.<br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Cats like milk.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Birds do not like milk.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Do pigs like milk?</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">California is in America.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">California is not in the United Kingdom.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Windows are made of glass.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Windows are not made of wood.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.</span><br /></div><p style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><strong>USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future</strong><br /></p><p style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.<br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">When do we board the plane?</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">The party starts at 8 o'clock.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">When does class begin tomorrow?</span><br /></div><p style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)<br /></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">I am here now.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">She is not here now.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He needs help right now.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He does not need help now.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">He has his passport in his hand. </span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Do you have your passport with you? </span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">ADVERB PLACEMENT</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">You only speak English.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Do you only speak English?</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">ACTIVE / PASSIVE</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Examples:</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold;">Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Active</span><br /></div><p style="color: rgb(51, 102, 255); font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. Passive</p><p><br /></p>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-30147490591227865732009-05-14T01:15:00.000-07:002009-06-04T07:34:09.855-07:00Noun Phrase<p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, a <span style="font-size:130%;">noun phrase</span> (abbreviated NP) is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a> whose <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_%28linguistics%29" title="Head (linguistics)">head</a> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> or a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a>, optionally accompanied by a set of modifiers.</p><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">Noun phrases are very common <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">cross-linguistically</a>, but some languages like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a> have been argued<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. since March 2009" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">who?</a></i>]</sup> to lack this category.</p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><br /></p><h2 style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="mw-headline">Form</span></h2> <p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">Noun phrases normally consist of a head noun, which is optionally modified ("premodified" If the modifier is placed before the noun; "postmodified" if the modifier is placed after the noun). Possible modifiers include:</p><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><ul style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiners</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_%28grammar%29" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a> (<i>the</i>, <i>a</i>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonstratives" title="Demonstratives" class="mw-redirect">demonstratives</a> (<i>this</i>, <i>that</i>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerals" title="Numerals" class="mw-redirect">numerals</a> (<i>two</i>, <i>five</i>, etc.), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possessive_adjective" title="Possessive adjective">possessives</a> (<i>my</i>, <i>their</i>, etc.), and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantifiers" title="Quantifiers" class="mw-redirect">quantifiers</a> (<i>some</i>, <i>many</i>, etc.). In English, determiners are usually placed before the noun;</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> (<i>the red ball</i>); or</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_%28linguistics%29" title="Complement (linguistics)">complements</a>, in the form of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositional_phrase" title="Prepositional phrase" class="mw-redirect">prepositional phrase</a> (such as: <i>the student of physics</i>), or a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That-clause" title="That-clause" class="mw-redirect">That-clause</a> (<i>the claim that the earth is round</i>);</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modifiers" title="Modifiers" class="mw-redirect">modifiers</a>; pre-modifiers if placed before the noun and usually either as nouns (<i>the university student</i>) or adjectives (<i>the beautiful lady</i>), or post-modifiers if placed after the noun. A postmodifier may be either a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepositional_phrase" title="Prepositional phrase" class="mw-redirect">prepositional phrase</a> (<i>the man with long hair</i>) or a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clause</a> (<i>the house where I live</i>). The difference between modifiers and complements is that complements complete the meaning of the noun; complements are necessary, whereas modifiers are optional because they just give additional information about the noun.</li></ul><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">Noun phrases can make use of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appositive" title="Appositive" class="mw-redirect">apposition</a> structure. This means that the elements in the noun phrase are not in a head-modifier relationship, but in a relation of equality. An example of this is <i>I, Caesar, declare ...,</i> where "Caesar" and "I" do not modify each other.</p><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">The head of a noun phrase can be implied, as in "<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bold_and_the_Beautiful" title="The Bold and the Beautiful">The Bold and the Beautiful</a></i>" or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a>'s "<i>rob from the rich and give to the poor</i>"; an implied noun phrase is most commonly used as a generic plural referring to human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_phrase#cite_note-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">That noun phrases can be headed by elements other than nouns — for instance, pronouns (<i>They came</i>) or determiners ((<i>I'll take these</i>)) — has given rise to the postulation of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DP_hypothesis" title="DP hypothesis" class="mw-redirect">determiner phrase instead of a noun phrase</a>. The English language is not as permissive as some other languages, with regard to possible heads of noun phrases. German, for instance, allows adjectives as heads of noun phrases<sup class="noprint Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources since November 2008" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a></i>]</sup>, as in <i>Gib mir die alten</i> for <i>Give me the olds</i> (i.e. old ones).</p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span class="mw-headline">Grammatical unit</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, for some purposes, noun phrases can be treated as single grammatical units. This is most noticeable in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> of the English <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a>. In a phrase such as <i>The king of Sparta's wife</i>, the possessive <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitic</a> "-'s" is not added to the <i>king</i> who actually has the wife, but instead to <i>Sparta</i>, as the end of the whole phrase. The clitic modifies the entire phrase <i>the king of Sparta</i>.</p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><br /></p><h2 style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><span class="mw-headline">Grammatical function</span></h2><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">Noun phrases are prototypically used for acts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference" title="Reference">reference</a> as in "The blonde girl shouts" or "She kissed the man". Also possible, but found less often, is the use of noun phrases for predication, as in "Suzy is a blonde girl". Note that in English the use of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula_%28linguistics%29" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a> <i>is</i> indicates the use of a noun phrase as predicate, but other languages may not require the use of the copula. Finally, noun phrases are used for identifications like "The murderer was the butler", where no <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascription" title="Ascription" class="mw-redirect">ascription</a> is taking place. The possibility for a noun phrase to play the role of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_%28grammar%29" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> and predicate leads to the constructions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">syllogisms</a>.</p>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-13932927597951768652009-05-14T00:48:00.000-07:002009-06-04T07:36:53.633-07:00Passive Voice<span style="font-weight: bold;">The </span><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >passive voice</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> is a </span><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_%28grammar%29" title="Voice (grammar)">grammatical voice</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> in which the subject receives the action of a </span><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verb</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">, and </span><b style="font-weight: bold;">passive</b><span style="font-weight: bold;"> refers more generally to verbs using this construction and the passages in which they are used. In English, a passive verb is </span><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periphrastic" title="Periphrastic" class="mw-redirect">periphrastic</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">; that is, it does not have a one-word form, but consists of an </span><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verb</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> plus the </span><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_participle" title="Past participle" class="mw-redirect">past participle</a><span style="font-weight: bold;"> of the transitive verb. The auxiliary verb usually is a form of the verb </span><i style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_be" title="To be" class="mw-redirect">to be</a></i><span style="font-weight: bold;">, but other auxiliary verbs, such as </span><i style="font-weight: bold;">get</i><span style="font-weight: bold;">, are sometimes used. The passive voice can be used in any number of </span><a style="font-weight: bold;" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a><span style="font-weight: bold;">. </span><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">In the following passage from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, the passive verbs are bolded, while the active verb <i>hold</i> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula_%28linguistics%29" title="Copula (linguistics)">copulative verb</a> <i>are</i> are <i>italicized</i>:</p><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><blockquote><div style="font-weight: bold;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">We <i>hold</i> these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these <i>are</i> Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.</p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><br /></p><h3 style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="mw-headline" style="font-size:180%;">Advice against the passive voice</span></h3> <p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">Many critics and usage guides discourage the use of the passive voice.<sup id="cite_ref-MW_0-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice#cite_note-MW-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> This advice is not found in older guides, but emerged in the first half of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice#cite_note-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Among the first writers to criticize the passive voice was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Quiller-Couch" title="Arthur Quiller-Couch">Arthur Quiller-Couch</a>, who wrote in 1916:</p><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><blockquote style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">Generally, use transitive verbs, that strike their object; and use them in the active voice, eschewing the stationary passive, with its little auxiliary <i>its’s</i> and <i>was’s</i>, and its participles getting into the light of your adjectives, which should be few. For, as a rough law, by his use of the straight verb and by his economy of adjectives you can tell a man’s style, if it be masculine or neuter, writing or 'composition.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice#cite_note-2" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <p style="font-weight: bold;">Two years later, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Strunk,_Jr." title="William Strunk, Jr.">William Strunk, Jr.</a> cautioned against overuse of the passive voice in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elements_of_Style" title="The Elements of Style">The Elements of Style</a></i>:</p> <blockquote style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;">The active voice is usually more direct and vigorous than the passive . . . . The need of making a particular word the subject of the sentence will often . . . determine which voice is to be used. The habitual use of the active voice, however, makes for forcible writing. This is true not only in narrative principally concerned with action, but in writing of any kind. Many a tame sentence of description or exposition can be made lively and emphatic by substituting a transitive in the active voice for some such perfunctory expression as <i>there is,</i> or <i>could be heard.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Elements_3-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice#cite_note-Elements-3" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">In his 1946 essay, "Politics and the English Language," George Orwell stated as one of his principal rules of composition, "Never use the passive where you can use the active."</p><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">Many contemporary usage guides continue to advise against the passive voice, as in this 1993 example from <i>The Columbia Guide to Standard American English</i>:</p><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><blockquote style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify;"><i>Active voice</i> makes subjects do something (to something); <i>passive voice</i> permits subjects to have something done to them (by someone or something). Some argue that <i>active voice</i> is more muscular, direct, and succinct, <i>passive voice</i> flabbier, more indirect, and wordier. If you want your words to seem impersonal, indirect, and noncommittal, <i>passive</i> is the choice, but otherwise, <i>active voice</i> is almost invariably likely to prove more effective.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice#cite_note-4" title=""><span></span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <p style="font-weight: bold;"><a name="Uses_of_the_passive_voice" id="Uses_of_the_passive_voice"></a></p> <h3 style="font-weight: bold;"><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline" style="font-size:180%;">Uses of the passive voice</span></h3> <p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">In spite of the widespread criticism, the passive voice does have important uses and is employed by all skilled writers of English.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice#cite_note-5" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup>Orwell's "Politics and the English Language" is itself an example; over 20% of its constructions are passive, an unusually high percentage.<sup id="cite_ref-MW_0-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice#cite_note-MW-0" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">In general, the passive voice should be used when the receiver of the action is more important than the doer, or when the doer is unknown, unimportant, or perhaps too obvious to be worth mentioning, as in these examples:</p><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><ul style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><li>The child was struck by the car.</li></ul><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><ul style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><li>The store was robbed last night.</li></ul><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><ul style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><li>Plows should not be kept in the garage.</li></ul><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><ul style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><li>Kennedy was elected president.<sup id="cite_ref-MW_0-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice#cite_note-MW-0" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">The passive voice can also be used to make other changes to a sentence's emphasis, including emphasizing a modifying adverb or even the performer of the action:</p><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><ul style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><li>My remarks have been grossly distorted in the press.</li></ul><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><ul style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><li>The breakthrough was achieved by Burlingame and Evans, two researchers in the university’s genetic engineering lab.<sup id="cite_ref-AH_6-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice#cite_note-AH-6" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">The passive voice is sometimes used to conceal the performer of an action or the identity of a person responsible for a mistake:</p><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><ul style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><li>We had hoped to report on this problem but the data was inadvertently deleted from our files.<sup id="cite_ref-AH_6-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice#cite_note-AH-6" title=""><span></span><span></span></a></sup></li></ul><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">It is this use of the passive voice, to evade responsibility, that has been the subject of greatest criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-MW_0-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice#cite_note-MW-0" title=""><span></span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AH_6-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice#cite_note-AH-6" title=""><span></span></a></sup></p><div style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">The passive voice is often used in scientific writing because of the tone of detachment and impersonality that it helps establish.<sup id="cite_ref-MW_0-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice#cite_note-MW-0" title=""><span></span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AH_6-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice#cite_note-AH-6" title=""><span></span></a></sup> However, some scientific journals prefer their writers to use the active voice.</p><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p> </blockquote>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-36205919005328771052009-05-14T00:37:00.000-07:002009-06-04T07:37:24.727-07:00Finite Verb<p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">A <span style="font-size:130%;">finite verb</span> is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> that is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> and for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_clause" title="Independent clause">independent clauses</a>, which can stand by their own as complete <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_%28linguistics%29" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentences</a>.</p><div style="font-weight: bold;"> </div><p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or singular plural. Non-finite verb forms have no person, tense or number.</p> <p style="font-weight: bold;">I go, she goes, he went - These verb forms are finite.</p> <p style="font-weight: bold;">To go, going, gone - These verb forms are non-finite.</p> <p style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;">In most <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_language" title="Indo-European language" class="mw-redirect">Indo-European languages</a>, every grammatically complete sentence or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a> must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrases</a> or minor sentences. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language" title="Latin language" class="mw-redirect">Latin</a> and some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, however, there are a few words that can be used to form sentences without verbs, such as Latin <i>ecce</i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <i>eis</i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i>voici</i> and <i>voilà</i>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <i>ecco</i>, all of these translatable as <i>here ... is</i> or <i>here ... are</i>. Some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjections</a> can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like <i>Thanks for your help!</i> has an interjection where it could have a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_%28grammar%29" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> and a finite verb form (compare <i>I appreciate your help!</i>).</p> <p style="font-weight: bold;">In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_moods" title="Grammatical moods" class="mw-redirect">moods</a> are finite. These include:</p> <ul style="text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;"><li>the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicative" title="Indicative" class="mw-redirect">indicative</a> mood (expressing a state of affairs); e.g., "The bulldozer demolished the restaurant," "The leaves were yellow and stiff."</li><li>the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative" title="Imperative">imperative</a> mood (giving a command).</li><li>the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subjunctive" title="Subjunctive" class="mw-redirect">subjunctive</a> mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence).</li></ul> <p style="font-weight: bold;">Verb forms that are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-finite_verb" title="Non-finite verb">not finite</a> include:</p> <ul style="font-weight: bold;"><li>the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participles</a> (e.g., "The broken window...", "The wheezing gentleman...")</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerunds</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerundive" title="Gerundive">gerundives</a></li></ul>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4889105646021365786.post-66864124219427217182009-05-13T05:33:00.000-07:002009-06-04T07:38:55.456-07:00Narrative Text<div style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"># <span style="font-size:130%;">Narrative text</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> is a kind of text which used to amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginery experiences in difference ways.</span><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">#<span style="font-size:130%;">Text Organization</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >:</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;font-size:130%;" >- Orientation</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> (who were involved in the story, when and where) </span><br /> <span style="font-weight: bold;">- </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >Complication</span><span style="font-weight: bold;"> (a problem arises followed by other problems)</span><br /> <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"> - <span style="font-size:130%;">Resolution</span></span><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" > </span><span style="font-weight: bold;">(solution to the problem)</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">The Characteristics of Narrative Text:</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">~ mostly using past tense</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">~ start with adverb, such as: </span><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">long time ago, once upon a time, in a faraway land, etc</span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">~ using conjunction, like: then, after that, before, etc</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:130%;" >Example:</span><br /><br /></div><p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>Goldilocks and the Three Bears</strong></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">Once there were three bears that lived in a house in the woods : a papa bear, a mama bear, and a baby bear. One morning they decided to take a walk before breakfast to let their porridge cool.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">A little girl named Goldilocks lived with her mother nearby. Golddocks took a walk through the woods and found the bear’s house. She snielled the porridge in the kitchens and went inside. Goldilocks tasted the porridge in each bowl and finally ate up the porridge in the small bowl. Then she sat on a big chair, but she didn’t like it, because it was hard. Afterwards she sat on the small chair, and it was just right. But while she was sitting on it she broke it. After eating the porridge, Goldilocks felt full and sleepy, and then she went upstairs. There she found a small bed. She lay down on it and fell asleep.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">While she was sleeping, the three bears came home. When they went into the kitchen, they got very surprised. Someone had tasted their porridge, even eaten up baby bear’s porridge, while they were taking a walk. Moreover the poor baby bear was upset when he found that his little chair broke into pieces. When they went upstairs, they found out that Goldilocks was sleeping. Baby bear cried out, “Someone has been sleeping in my bed and here she is!”</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;">Goldilocks woke up when she saw the three bears; she jumped out of bed and ran out of the house to her home. Never again did she make herself at home in anyone else’s house.</p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:130%;"><strong>Questions</strong></span></p><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><p style="font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"> 1. How did Goldilocks find the bears’ house?<br />2. What did she find in the bears’ house?<br />3. What did she do there?<br />4. What happened to the small chair?<br />5. What happened when Goldilocks was sleeping?<br />6. Why were the three bears surprised?<br />7. What did Goldilocks do when she saw the three bears?<br />8. What would you do if you were Goldilocks? Would you come to the bear’s house again? </p><div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div><br /></div></div>inthanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04532805115722440153noreply@blogger.com0