Greeting

Greeting (also called accosting) is an act of communication in which human beings (as well as other members of the animal kingdom) intentionally make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other. While greeting customs are highly culture- and situation-specific and may change within a culture depending on social status and relationship, they exist in all known human cultures. Greetings can be expressed both audibly and physically, and often involve a combination of the two. This topic excludes military and ceremonial salutes but includes rituals other than gestures.

Greetings are often, but not always, used just prior to a conversation.

Some epochs and cultures have had very elaborate greeting rituals, e.g., greeting of a king.

Secret societies have clandestine greeting rituals that allow members to recognize common membership.

Example:

Person A: “Hi, my name is Intan. It’s nice to meet you.”

Person B: “I’m Wendy. It’s a pleasure to meet you, Tan.”

Person A: “What do you do for a living Wen?”

Person B: “I work at the bank.”

Two friends meeting

Friends often say "Hi" to each other. Then they often ask a general question, such as "How are you?" or "How are things?" or "How's life?"

The reply to this question is normally positive.

"Fine thanks, and you?"

"Fine thanks, what about yourself?"

"Not bad." Or "Can't complain."

Greeting people you don't know

You can use "Hello" with people you don't know, but a more formal greeting is "Good morning / afternoon / evening."

The other person normally replies with the same greeting as you have used and then makes polite conversation, such as "How was your trip?" or "Did you find our office easily?"

Introducing yourself

How do you introduce yourself??
-Let me introduce myself, my name is Intan Ayu…
-Hello, I’m Intan Ayu…
-Hi, I’m Intan Ayu. You can call me Intan.
-Hello, my name is Intan Ayu….

At an informal party

"Hello, I'm Maria." Or "Hello, my name's Maria."

The reply could be:

"Hi, I'm Sarah." Or "Hello Maria, I'm Sarah." Or "Nice to meet you, I'm Sarah."

At work-related events

"I'd like to introduce myself. I'm Maria, from english@home."

Or, "Let me introduce myself. I'm Maria from english@home."

The reply could be:

"Nice to meet you. I'm Peter Mitchell, from Mitchell Creations."

"Pleased to meet you. I'm Peter Mitchell, from Mitchell Creations."

"How do you do? I'm Peter Mitchell from Mitchell Creations."

Introducing other people

Introducing a friend to a work colleague

"Sarah, have you met my colleague John?"

"Sarah, I'd like you to meet my colleague John."

Sarah says:

"Pleased to meet you, John." Or "Nice to meet you, John."

John could say:

"Nice to meet you too, Sarah." Or "Hello, Sarah."

Introducing clients

"Mr Mitchell, I'd like to introduce you to my manager, Henry Lewis."

Mr Mitchell could then say:

"How do you do?" and Henry Lewis also says "How do you do?"

Or Mr Mitchell could say:

"Pleased to meet you." Or "Good to meet you."

Speaking Tip

"How do you do?" is quite formal for British English speakers and the reply to this question is to repeat the phrase, "How do you do?" (as strange as that may sound!)

At a more informal party

When you introduce two of your friends to each other, you can simply say, "John, this is Sarah."

Cultural considerations

At work, one person may have higher status - your boss, or a client, for example. It's polite to address them as Mr / Ms until the situation becomes more informal.

If someone says, "Please call me (Intan)", you know you can use first names. If someone uses your first name, you can use their first name too.

People in European and English-speaking cultures often shake hands when they meet someone for the first time.

How do you end your conversation?????????

Well, I should be going now. See you.
I’m sorry, but I have to go now. It’s been nice talking with you. See you later..
Well, I must be off now. I’ll talk to you later!
Ups.., look at the time! Sorry, I can’t chat right now. I have to go.

The finally word of conversation…
See you later/ tomorrow/ next week, etc..
Have a good time.
Good bye..
Bye bye..
Be careful, take a care.
Good bye, make a call, will you?

* Don't forget to smile! :-)

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Expressing Sympathy

Sympathy is a social affinity in which one person stands with another person, closely understanding his or her feelings. The word derives from the Greek συμπάθεια (sympatheia), from συν (syn) "together" + πάθος (pathos), in this case "suffering" (from πάσχω - pascho, "to be affected by, to suffer"). It also can mean being affected by feelings or emotions. Thus the essence of sympathy is that one has a strong concern for the other person. Sympathy exists when the feelings or emotions of one person are deeply understood and appreciated by another person.

The psychological state of sympathy is closely linked with that of compassion, empathy and empathic concern. Although empathy and sympathy are often used interchangeably, a subtle variation in ordinary usage can be detected. To empathize is to respond to another's perceived emotional state by experiencing feelings of a similar sort. Sympathy not only includes empathizing (but not always), but also entails having a positive regard or a non- fleeting concern for the other person.

In common usage, sympathy is usually making known one's understanding of another's unhappiness or suffering, especially when it is grief.

Sympathy can also refer to being aware of other (positive^{[disambiguation needed]}) emotions as well.

In a broader sense, it can refer to the sharing of political or ideological sentiments, such as in the phrase "a communist sympathizer".

What To Say... How To Help

Expressing sympathy...
So your best friend just lost her teenage son in a car wreck... What a tragedy! You are just devastated and so saddened by the news.

But, Geez! What do you say to your friend? How can you possibly help or lessen her pain for her? Well, you can't, but there are things you can say or do to provide genuine support for a fellow human in need.

And there are some things you should never say to a bereaved person.

So what is the best way to express sympathy when a friend or loved one has suffered a tragic loss? What should you say to them? How best to lend support or offer to help?

Many bereaved people have reported that certain things said or done by those offering sympathy had a great impact on them... either positive or negative. We present in this section a guide to help you out with one of life's most difficult challenges... expressing sympathy.

Read on for some useful guidelines:

• How you can help (below)
• What to say in person
• Hurtful platitudes (cliches) to avoid
• How to write a comforting sympathy letter
• Send one of our beautifully unique sympathy cards
• Our special sympathy gift collection
  

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HOW YOU CAN HELP

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Expressing sympathy...
Let's face it. Bereavement is simply a sensitive, awkward subject. Yes, you do care, and yes, you want to help... but how? How can you really help this person out?

Well, the answer is that you can't. What you can do is lend an ear, provide support, and just let them know you care. You really cannot fix anything for them, so don't even try. What you can do is offer to help in some way... and make good on the offer. Oftentimes, you might hear a sympathetic friend say "Just call if you need anything". This lets them off the hook. They express blanket offers of help, then exit the scene as quickly as possible.

The only problem is that offer of help, even if sincere, leaves the burden on the bereaved. Not only are they too distraught to sort out who offered to help, they don't even know if it was a sincere offer. So they won't call, even if they really could use some practical help.

Instead, we propose the following approach if you want to help your friend out: instead of saying "call me if you need anything," say "I could help by (cutting the grass this Friday, or taking the kids for the weekend, or picking up people at the airport for you)".


Let them know of a particular (and useful) task you would be willing to provide, and offer to do it. Then follow up! Call a few days later and offer again, making sure to name a specific date and time "if that's convenient for you". An example: "I would like to bring over dinner on Wednesday if that's convenient".

The reality is that most any bereaved person could use a little help with household chores or funeral arrangements. In times of early bereavement, just keeping the household going can be overwhelming. Simple but important tasks just don't seem that important. If you really want to help the family out, this is how you can.

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HOW TO HELP
A BEREAVED FAMILY OR FRIEND

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Expressing sympathy...

• Take over a Honey Bak'd Ham, or a plate of sandwiches... hand it to them in person, with a hug.
  
• Bake 3 dozen homemade chocolate chip cookies.
  
• Offer to clean up the place for them... and do it (yes, even the bathroom).
  
• Spend an evening playing cards with them, or putting together a jigsaw puzzle or art project.
  
• Make a list of all their sympathy gifts, who gave what, and offer to help write thank you cards.
  
• Take the kids to the zoo, bowling or the movies.
  
• Take the bereaved person out for a walk in the fresh air. Let him talk and don't interrupt.
  
• Sit them down to help pay the bills and balance the checkbook.
  
• Help them make a "to-do" list for the coming week.
  
• Let them know you are bringing over a spaghetti dinner one night, complete with salad and garlic bread.
  
• Offer a big hug and let them cry on your shoulder... and don't tell them "everything will be alright".
  
• If you feel that your friend is "losing it" and unable to cope or function, or using drugs or too much alcohol to cope, urge them to get professional help, and help them find the resources. (Books, support groups, counseling).
  
• Cut and trim the lawn. Rake the leaves. Wash the car.
  
• Help make a grocery list, then go do the shopping for them.
  
• Even if you have "been there for them", a written letter or note of condolence can also be a helpful and comforting gesture. (See the section on sympathy letters, or send one of our comforting sympathy cards).
  
• Send or deliver in person a thoughtful sympathy gift.
  
• (Later in bereavement): Take your friend out to dinner or a movie. Don't abandon them because you might feel a little awkward. Bereavement takes a long time. Be patient and let your friend know you will be there for the long haul. Never tell them you think it is time for them to move on. Grief is personal and each person has her own private timetable for her "griefwork".

Expressing sympathy...
Although he may not express his thanks to you right now, your friend will always remember you were there to help them weather the storm.

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Descriptive Text

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT	GENERIC STRUCTURE
The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the opening of the San Francisco Bay onto the Pacific Ocean. As part of both US Highway 101 and California Route 1, it connects the city of San Francisco on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula to Marin County.	IDENTIFICATION
The Golden Gate Bridge had the longest suspension bridge span in the world when it was completed in 1937 and has become an internationally recognized symbol of San Francisco and California. Since its completion, the span length has been surpassed by eight other bridges. It still has the second longest suspension bridge main span in the United States, after the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in New York City. In 2007, it was ranked fifth on the List of America’s Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects.	DESCRIPTION

Ok, jadi dari contoh teks diatas kita tahu bahwa sebuah DESCRIPTIVE TEXT mempunyai GENERIC STRUCTURE sebagai berikut :

1. Identification : Identifies phenomenon ( Mengidentifikasi / pengenalan fenomena / hal yang dideskripsikan)
2. Description : Menggambarkan bagian, kualitas, maupun ciri – ciri)

Dari contoh DESCRIPTIVE TEXT diatas, kita juga bisa mengambil kesimpulan teantang ciri – ciri DESCRIPTIVE TEXT sebagai berikut :

• The Use of Simple Present Tense (Penggunaan Simple Present Tense)
• Focus on Specific Participant (Fokus kepada Hal / orang / tempat secara khusus)

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Modals in the past

can't have	could	could have	couldn't	couldn't have
didn't need to	had to	may have	may not have	might have
might not have	must have	needn't have	ought not to have	ought to have
should have	shouldn't have	would have	would not

can't have

certainty e.g. I can't have lost my keys! (I'm sure I didn't)

could	permission e.g. When I was a teenager, I could go out as late as I wanted.
	general ability e.g. Tom could walk by the age of 8 months.

could have	possibility, but did not happen e.g. I could have passed my driving test if I'd really tried.
	uncertainty e.g. I guess it could have been Sandra on the phone.

couldn't	permission e.g. When I was a teenager, I couldn't stay out as late as I wanted.
	general ability e.g. I couldn't walk until I was 2.
	ability in a particular situation e.g. I tried hard but I couldn't persuade him to go to the party with us.

couldn't have	possibility/ability e.g. I couldn't possibly have passed my driving test, even if I'd tried harder.
	uncertainty e.g. It couldn't have been Sandra on the phone, could it?
	with comparative adjectives e.g. I couldn't have asked for better weather on my wedding day.
	unwillingness e.g. I couldn't have left the dog in the car for long (so I didn't).

didn’t need to

unnecessary action not done e.g. As I was alone this weekend, I didn't need to do any cooking (so I didn't).

had to

obligation (past form of must) e.g. I couldn't go out last night because I had to do my homework.

may have

uncertainty e.g. I guess I may have been a bit hard on her when she came home an hour late.

may not have

uncertainty e.g. He may not have found out yet that he has passed the test.

might have	possibility (didn't happen) e.g. You might have been killed!
	uncertainty e.g. I guess I might have been a bit hard on her when she came home an hour late.
	annoyance at someone's failure to do something e.g. You might have told me that you had invited all your colleagues round for dinner!
	might have known + would (idiom to ironically express that somebody's action was typical) e.g. I might have known that he would finish with me as soon as he found out I wasn't wealthy!

might not have

uncertainty e.g. He may not have found out yet that he has passed the test.

must have	certainty e.g. He must have known how much it was going to cost. (I'm sure he knew.)
	with surely in exclamations e.g. Surely he must have known how much it was going to cost!

needn't have

neunnecessary action that was actually done e.g. Oh, you needn't have do the washing up!

ought not to have

criticism (more common is shouldn't have) e.g. You ought not to have been so frank with him.

ought to have

expectation (should have is more common) Why is she late? She ought to have arrived by now!

should have	expectation Why is she late? She should have arrived by now!
	should have + verbs of thinking e.g. I should have thought you knew.
	with be and adjectives, describing chance e.een staying in the same hostel last month.g. It was weird that you should have b
	criticism (you didn't do something, but it would have been the right thing to do) e.g. The party was such fun last night! You should have come!

shouldn't have	criticism e.g. You shouldn't have been so frank with him.
	polite expression of thanks on receiving a gift or favour "Here's a bottle of wine for you" "Oh, you really shouldn't have!"

would have	events in the past that did not happen e.g. I wouldn't have gone out with him, but he didn't ask me.
	assumptions e.g. Oh, that would have been Sarah on the phone just now.

would not

unwillingness e.g. I asked Tom to close the window, but he wouldn't do it.

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Surprise or disebelief

Surprise or disbelief is on expression that we show / say when know / see something that rather difficult to believe....

Example:
Elisa : " look I got "
Milda: " that's very suprising "
Elisa: " I don't know why "
Milda: " Perhaps you did wrong number "

When get a suprising fact, you can say those to tell other people :
- do you know what ?
- believe it or not ?
- you may not believe it,but..
-can you believe ?

Respon : - really ?
- are you sure / joking ?
- where ? show me

There are some ways to express surprise :
- never
- oh no
- you're kidding
- what a surprise
- my good ness
- ect

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English idioms relating to
SURPRISE - DISBELIEF

It beats me!					This expression is used to express surprise at something that you find difficult to understand, "It beats me how he can live in that horrible apartment!"
It's beyond me					The expression "it's beyond me" means: "it's impossible for me to understand" "It's beyond me why Mary wants to marry John."
Do a double take					Someone who does a double take looks again in surprise at something unexpected. "He did a double take when he saw his wife in a restaurant with another man."
Drop a bombshell					If you drop a bombshell, you make an unexpected announcement which will greatly change a situation. "The chairman dropped a bombshell when he announced the merger with the company's biggest rival."
One's jaw drops					If someone's jaw drops, they show total amazement. "When the prize was announced, the winner's jaw dropped."
Jump out of one's skin.					If you jump out of your skin, you are extremely surprised or shocked. "Jane nearly jumped out of her skin when the horse put its head through the window!"
Knock somebody down with a feather					To say "you could have knocked me down with a feather" emphasizes the fact that you were extremely surprised. "When I heard the name of the winner, you could have knocked me down with a feather!"
The mind boggles					The expression "the mind boggles" is used as a reaction to something you find amazing or difficult to understand.
Nine-day wonder					An event which is a nine-day wonder causes interest, surprise or excitement for a short time, but it doesn't last. "His sudden departure was a nine-day wonder but he was soon forgotten."
Raise eyebrows					If you raise your eyebrows at something, you show surprise or disapproval by the expression on your face. "When the boss arrived in jeans, there were a lot of raised eyebrows."
Seeing is believing					This expression means that when you see something, you can be sure it exists, or that what you have been told is really true. "Mark says bananas grow in his garden, but seeing is believing!"
Stop dead in one's tracks					If you stop dead in your tracks, you stop suddenly because you are frightened or surprised. "When Steve saw the snake, he stopped dead in his tracks."
Struck dumb					If someone is struck dumb, they are unable to speak because they are so surprised, shocked or frightened by something. "The accused was struck dumb when the verdict was announced."
There's no accounting for taste!					This expression is used to indicate surprise at another person's likes or dislikes "She fell in love with a guy who's short, fat, bald and poor ... well, there's no accounting for taste!"
Wonders will never cease!					This saying is used to express pleasure or surprise at something. "Idioms are increasingly popular with learners of English. Wonders will never cease!"
A bolt from the blue					To refer to something as a bolt from the blue means that it happened completely unexpectedly. The chairman's resignation came as a bolt from the blue!"
Out of the blue					If something happens out of the blue, it happens unexpectedly.

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Direct & Inderect Speech

When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.

Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.

Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech
simple present
He said, “I go to school every day.” Þ simple past
He said (that) he went to school every day.
simple past
He said, “I went to school every day.” Þ past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present perfect
He said, “I have gone to school every day.” Þ past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present progressive
He said, “I am going to school every day.” Þ past progressive
He said (that) he was going to school every day.
past progressive
He said, “I was going to school every day.” Þ perfect progressive
He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
future (will)
He said, “I will go to school every day.” Þ would + verb name
He said (that) he would go to school every day.
future (going to)
He said, “I am going to school every day.” Þ present progressive
He said (that) he is going to school every day.
past progressive
He said (that) he was going to school every day
Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech
auxiliary + verb name
He said, “Do you go to school every day?”
He said, “Where do you go to school?” Þ simple past
He asked me if I went to school every day.*
He asked me where I went to school.
imperative
He said, “Go to school every day.” Þ infinitive
He said to go to school every day.



*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whether is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions.

The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below.

Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech
simple present + simple present
He says, “I go to school every day.” Þ simple present + simple present
He says (that) he goes to school every day.
present perfect + simple present
He has said, “I go to school every day.” Þ present perfect + simple present
He has said (that) he goes to school every day.
past progressive + simple past
He was saying, “I went to school every day.” Þ past progressive + simple past
He was saying (that) he went to school every day.
past progressive + past perfect
He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day.
future + simple present
He will say, “I go to school every day.” Þ future + simple present
He will say (that) he goes to school every day.


Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used.


Direct Speech Þ Indirect Speech
can
He said, “I can go to school every day.” Þ could
He said (that) he could go to school every day.
may
He said, “I may go to school every day.” Þ might
He said (that) he might go to school every day.
might
He said, “I might go to school every day.”
must
He said, “I must go to school every day.” Þ had to
He said (that) he had to go to school every day.
have to
He said, “I have to go to school every day.”
should
He said, “I should go to school every day.” Þ should
He said (that) he should go to school every day.
ought to
He said, “I ought to go to school every day.” Þ ought to
He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.



While not all of the possibilities have been listed here, there are enough to provide examples of the main rules governing the use of indirect or reported speech. For other situations, try to extrapolate from the examples here, or better still, refer to a good grammar text or reference book.

Some other verbs that can be used to introduce direct speech are: ask, report, tell, announce, suggest, and inquire. They are not used interchangeably; check a grammar or usage book for further information.

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Simple Present Tense

[VERB] + s/es in third perso

Examples:

You speak English.

Do you speak English?

You do not speak English.

Most Verbs

Most verbs conjugate like the verb "run" below. Notice how you add an "s" to third-person forms. Third-person negative forms and third-person questions are made using "does."Positive Negative Question
I run.
You run.
We run.
They run.
He runs.
She runs.
It runs. I do not run.
You do not run.
We do not run.
They do not run.
He does not run.
She does not run.
It does not run. Do I run?
Do you run?
Do we run?
Do they run?
Does he run?
Does she run?
Does it run?


Instead of "s," "es" is added to positive, third-person forms of verbs ending with the following sounds: s, z, sh, ch, j or zs (as in Zsa Zsa). These special "es"-forms have been marked below with an asterisk*.Positive Negative Question
I rush.
You rush.
We rush.
They rush.
He rushes. *
She rushes. *
It rushes. * I do not rush.
You do not rush.
We do not rush.
They do not rush.
He does not rush.
She does not rush.
It does not rush. Do I rush?
Do you rush?
Do we rush?
Do they rush?
Does he rush?
Does she rush?
Does it rush?

To Have

The verb "have" is irregular in positive, third-person forms. This irregular form has been marked below with an asterisk*.Positive Negative Question
I have.
You have.
We have.
They have.
He has. *
She has. *
It has. * I do not have.
You do not have.
We do not have.
They do not have.
He does not have.
She does not have.
It does not have. Do I have?
Do you have?
Do we have?
Do they have?
Does he have?
Does she have?
Does it have?

To Be

The verb "be" is irregular in the Simple Present. It also has different question forms and negative forms.Positive Negative Question
I am.
You are.
We are.
They are.
He is.
She is.
It is. I am not.
You are not.
We are not.
They are not.
He is not.
She is not.
It is not. Am I?
Are you?
Are we?
Are they?
Is he?
Is she?
Is it?

Modal Verbs

Modal verbs behave differently from other verbs. Notice that they do not take "s" in the third person - there is no difference between first-person, second-person or third-person forms. Like the verb "be" described above, modal verbs also have different question forms and negative forms in Simple Present.Positive Negative Question
I should go.
You should go.
We should go.
They should go.
He should go.
She should go.
It should go. I should not go.
You should not go.
We should not go.
They should not go.
He should not go.
She should not go.
It should not go. Should I go?
Should you go?
Should we go?
Should they go?
Should he go?
Should she go?
Should it go?

USE 1 Repeated Actions

Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

Examples:
I play tennis.
She does not play tennis.
Does he play tennis?
The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
The train does not leave at 9 AM.
When does the train usually leave?
She always forgets her purse.
He never forgets his wallet.
Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
Does the Sun circle the Earth?

USE 2 Facts or Generalizations

The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.

Examples:
Cats like milk.
Birds do not like milk.
Do pigs like milk?
California is in America.
California is not in the United Kingdom.
Windows are made of glass.
Windows are not made of wood.
New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.

USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future

Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.

Examples:
The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
When do we board the plane?
The party starts at 8 o'clock.
When does class begin tomorrow?

USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.

Examples:
I am here now.
She is not here now.
He needs help right now.
He does not need help now.
He has his passport in his hand.
Do you have your passport with you?
ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:
You only speak English.
Do you only speak English?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:
Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Active

Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. Passive

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